清洁炼钢：向低碳未来过渡（英）

Jhih-Shyang Shih, Ethan Ziegler, Alan Krupnick, Marc Hafstead, and Aaron Bergman About the Authors Jhih-Shyang Shihis a fellow at Resources for the Future (RFF). He has extensiveexperience in energy and environmental modeling. His research focuses on integratedsystem analysis of environmental and resource policy and decisionmaking. His workhas been published in leading journals, including PNAS, Environmental Science &Technology, the Review of Economics and Statistics, and the European Journal ofOperational Research. Ethan Ziegleris a research analyst at RFF, where he works on E4ST. He previouslystudied economics and environmental science at American University, where heconducted optimization modeling research on the effects of food waste. Alan Krupnickis an RFF senior fellow and director of the Industry and Fuels Program.Krupnick is an expert on the oil and gas sector, reducing greenhouse gas emissionsfrom this and the industrial sectors, and cost-benefit analysis. In particular, Krupnick’srecent research focuses on green public procurement, decarbonized hydrogen andtax credits, and developing markets for green natural gas. His portfolio also includesguiding the value of information agenda covered by our VALUABLES initiative withNASA, the valuation of reducing asthma risks, estimating the value of statistical life,and issues of regulatory reform. Marc Hafsteadis an RFF fellow and director of the Carbon Pricing Initiativeand the Climate Finance and Financial Risk Initiative. His research has primarilyfocused on the evaluation and design of federal and state-level climate and energypolicies using sophisticated multi-sector models of the US economy. With StanfordProfessor and RFF University Fellow Lawrence H. Goulder, he wroteConfronting theClimate Challenge: US Policy Options(Columbia University Press) to evaluate theenvironmental and economic impacts of federal carbon taxes, cap-and-trade programs,clean energy standards, and gasoline. His research has also analyzed the distributionaland employment impacts of carbon pricing and the design of tax adjustmentmechanisms to reduce the emissions uncertainty of carbon tax policies. Aaron Bergmanis a fellow at RFF. Prior to joining RFF, he was the Lead forMacroeconomics and Emissions at the Energy Information Administration (EIA),managing EIA’s modeling in those areas. Before working at EIA, Bergman spent almosta decade in the policy office at the Department of Energy, working on a broad arrayof climate and environmental policies. Bergman has worked in the White House at theOffice of Science and Technology Policy, managing the Quadrennial Energy Reviewand handling the methane measurement portfolio, and at the Council on EnvironmentalQuality, working on carbon regulation. Bergman entered the federal government in2009 as a Science and Technology Policy Fellow with the American Association for theAdvancement of Science, after working in high energy physics. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge discussions with Dallas Burtraw, Milan Elkerbout, AlArmendariz, Jan Mares, and Andrew Gossett. About RFF Resources for the Future (RFF) is an independent, nonprofit research institution inWashington, DC. Its mission is to improve environmental, energy, and natural resourcedecisions through impartial economic research and policy engagement. RFF iscommitted to being the most widely trusted source of research insights and policysolutions leading to a healthy environment and a thriving economy. Working papers are research materials circulated by their authors for purposes ofinformation and discussion. They have not necessarily undergone formal peer review.The views expressed here are those of the individual authors and may differ from thoseof other RFF experts, its officers, or its directors. Sharing Our Work Our work is available for sharing and adaptation under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. Youcan copy and redistribute our material in any medium or format; you must giveappropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made,and you may not apply additional restrictions. You may do so in any reasonablemanner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.You may not use the material for commercial purposes. If you remix, transform, orbuild upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. For moreinformation, visithttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Abstract The steel industry, accounting for approximately 7–9 percent of global CO2emissions,is a critical sector for industrial decarbonization. Transitioning from coal-basedblast furnaces to low-carbon pathways such as hydrogen-based direct reduced iron(DRI) and electrified furnaces offers significant mitigation potential while reducingexposure to carbon pricing and trade measures. This study develops a low-carbonsteel production (LCSP) optimization model to support industry