重振商用飞机供应链：是什么阻碍了商用飞机供应链——以及接下来该何去何从

What’s holding back the commercial aircraft supply chain —and where to go from here Contents Foreword4 Executive Summary I. Aircraft Market Size and Outlook9 12 II. Key Supply Chain Structures Evolution and Structure of the OEM Value Chain15 MRO Market Structure24 III. Supply Chain Challenges33 Increased Maintenance Turnaround Times38 Price Increases40 IV. Root Causes of Supply Chain Challenges42 Theme 2: Supply Chain Disruptions46 Theme 3: Labor Challenges50 V. Impact on Airlines 52 Delayed Fuel Cost Efficiency53 Increased Aircraft Maintenance Costs55 Inventory Holding Costs56 Other Costs57 VI. Conclusion: Actions for Industry58 Action 1: Ramp Up Collaboration59Action 2: Improve Supply Chain Insight60Action 3: Better Leverage Inventory and Maintenance Data61Action 4: Expand Maintenance and Parts Supply63Action 5: Support the Current and Future Workforce64 Appendix A: Cost Impact Methodology66 Appendix B: Glossary 69 Foreword Aviation cannot function without a reliable supply chain. Yet today, grounded aircraft,delayed deliveries, and escalating maintenance and leasing costs are clear symptoms ofa system under strain. Airlines face long waits for engines and components, while OEMs,MROs, and suppliers are challenged by capacity and labor constraints, as well as fragilesupply chains. Aircraft certification delays and engine reliability issues are compounding backlogs andextending delivery times. At the same time, the aviation economic model has becomeunbalanced, with engine and equipment system OEMs receiving a growing share ofprofitability from aftermarket repairs and spare parts, rather than new equipmentsales. Timely access to serviceable parts and maintenance is essential to keep aircraft flyingand avoid unnecessary groundings. This requires restoring standard supply lead timesand repair turnaround times. A stronger supply chain also depends on transparencyand collaboration across the value chain. Without decisive action, these bottlenecks riskconstraining aviation growth and sustainability. This joint IATA-Oliver Wyman report sets out the scale of the challenge and providespractical steps for improvement. Expanding capacity, opening up the MRO aftermarket,improving forecasting and data visibility, and fostering competition and alternativesolutions will be critical. Reviving the supply chain is not optional; it is essential for the futureof aviation. Executive Summary Supply chain challenges are one of the most pressing issues facing the commercial aviationindustry today, with airlines waiting longer for both aircraft and parts. As a result, airlineshave been forced to reevaluate fleet plans and, in many cases, keep older aircraft flying longer,which has created even more complications in the aftermarket. By our estimate, these challenges could cost the airline industry more than $11 billion1in 2025,driven by a mix of delayed fuel cost savings, higher maintenance costs, and increased sparesinventory. But this represents only a portion of the economic and operational impacts facingthe aviation industry due to supply chain challenges; others include delayed expansion ofservice, impacted aircraft and asset lease rates, and more/longer operational disruptions. In this report, we provide a detailed look at the current structure of the commercial aerospacesupply chain, challenges and their root causes, impacts on airlines, and some potential actionsfor moving the industry forward. Aircraft market outlook — and backlog The aircraft market has not quite fully recovered to its pre-pandemic size but is on track to doso by 2027. The problem? The highly consolidated, tiered structure of the commercial aircraftindustry has found it difficult to absorb multiple recent and overlapping market shocks —from the disarray caused by the COVID-19 pandemic to geopolitical conflict-driven materialshortages and tight labor markets. As a result, airlines are waiting for new aircraft with lowerfuel consumption, while facing higher maintenance and repair costs for an agingfleet. Industry structure and challenges The current commercial aerospace industry structure began to take form in the 1980s,evolving through waves of consolidation in successive decades. At the same time, theairline industry opened new markets, stimulated demand, and improved profitability; andoriginal equipment manufacturers (OEMs) delivered significant improvements in aircrafttechnology while keeping upfront aircraft acquisition costs relatively competitive. Today,many aircraft components are sole sourced by original aircraft program specifications. Themaintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) supply chain has consolidated as well, with OEMsaiming to increasingly participate in the engine and component aftermarkets. Ongoing aviation industry challenges, from widespread supply chain volatility and priceincreases to aircraft and parts delivery delays, are being exacerbated by the currentstructure of the aircraft production and