优质护理的基本服务：医疗设施中的水、卫生、个人卫生、医疗废物和电力服务：全球进展报告

Water, sanitation, hygiene,health care waste and electricityservices in health care facilities Global progress report Essential services for quality care Water, sanitation, hygiene,health care waste and electricityservices in health care facilities Global progress report Essential services for quality care. Water, sanitation, hygiene, health care waste and electricity services in health carefacilities: global progress report ISBN (WHO) 978-92-4-011446-3 (electronic version)ISBN (WHO) 978-92-4-011447-0 (print version) © World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2025 This joint report reflects the activities of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided thework is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO or UNICEFendorses any specific organization, products or services. The unauthorized use of the WHO or UNICEF names or logos isnot permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commonslicence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation:“This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO) or the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).Neither WHO nor UNICEF are responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall bethe binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules ofthe World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules). Suggested citation. Essential services for quality care. Water, sanitation, hygiene, health care waste and electricity servicesin health care facilities: global progress report. Geneva: World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund(UNICEF), 2025. Licence:CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available athttps://iris.who.int/. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, seehttps://www.who.int/publications/book-orders. To submitrequests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, seehttps://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/copyright. Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures orimages, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from thecopyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solelywith the user. UNICEF and WHO Photographs. UNICEF and WHO photographs are copyrighted and are not to be reproduced in anymedium without obtaining prior written permission. Permissions may be granted for one-time use in a context thataccurately represents the real situation and identity of all human beings depicted. UNICEF and WHO photographs are notto be used in any commercial context; content may not be digitally altered to change meaning or context; assets may notbe archived by any non-WHO or non-UNICEF entity. Requests for permission to reproduce UNICEF photographs should beaddressed to UNICEF, Division of Communication, 3 United Nations Plaza, New York 10017, USA (email: nyhqdoc.permit@unicef.org). Requests for permission to reproduce WHO photographs should be addressed to:http://www.who.int/copyright General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO or UNICEF concerning the legal status of any country, territory,city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines onmaps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed orrecommended by WHO or UNICEF in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissionsexcepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The figures included in this report have been estimated by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supplyand Sanitation (www.washdata.org) to ensure compatibility; thus, they are not necessarily the official statistics of theconcerned country, area or territory, which may use alternative methods. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO and UNICEF to verify the information contained in this publication.However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Theresponsibility for the interpre