利用遥感技术估算灌溉用地下水数量——摩洛哥Bahira含水层案例

Case of the Bahira aquifer, Morocco VISIONESCWA, an innovative catalyst for a stable, just and flourishing Arab region MISSIONCommitted to the 2030 Agenda, ESCWA’s passionate team produces innovativeknowledge, fosters regional consensus and delivers transformational policy advice.Together, we work for a sustainable future for all. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Use of remote sensing to estimate quantitiesof groundwater used for irrigation Case of the Bahira aquifer, Morocco © 2025 United NationsAll rights reserved worldwide Photocopies and reproductions of excerpts are allowed with proper credits. All queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the UnitedNations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA),email:publications-escwa@un.org. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors anddo not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status ofany country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers orboundaries. Links contained in this publication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct at thetime of issue. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of that informationor for the content of any external website. References have, wherever possible, been verified. Mention of commercial names and products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mentionof such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. United Nations publication issued by ESCWA, United Nations House, Riad El Solh Square, P.O. Box: 11–8575, Beirut, Lebanon. Website:www.unescwa.org. Cover photo credit: ORMVAH - Haouz Regional Office for Agricultural Development, Marrakech,Morocco Acknowledgements This report was produced by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia(ESCWA), under the overall guidance of the Executive Secretary, Rola Dashti, and the insightfuldirection of the Leader of the Climate Change and Natural Resource Sustainability Cluster, CarolChouchani Cherfane. Authors Ministry of Equipment and Water, Morocco. Coordinators Ziad Khayat and Tracy Zaarour, ESCWA. Expert reviewers Reviewed and supported by Hadi Jaafar, Professor and Head of the Department of Agriculture,American University of Beirut. Key messages The increasing impactsof climate change inthe region, primarilyseen in more frequentand intense droughts,have led to greatervariability in surfacewater availability andincreased relianceon groundwater.This trend isparticularly evidentin the Bahira aquifer,where groundwaterlevels are decliningas agricultural andother activitiesdepend increasinglyon groundwaterresources. In regions wherein-situ data is scarceor inaccessible,innovativetechnologies suchas remote sensingcan play a crucialrole in helpingwater managers andpolicymakers estimategroundwater use inirrigated agriculture.This informationis essential fordeveloping integratedgroundwatermanagement policies. To reduce dependenceon groundwater fromthe Bahira aquifer, itis recommended toimprove irrigationefficiency throughmethods suchas drip irrigation,promote the use ofnonconventionalwater sources liketreated wastewater,and strengthenfarmers’ capacity forsustainable watermanagement. Contents Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................................3Key messages.......................................................................................................................................4Introduction..........................................................................................................................................7 A.Location.................................................................................................................................................................9B.Climate...................................................................................................................................................................9C.Hydrology............................................................................................................................................................12D.Hydrogeology......................................................................................................................................................13E.Agriculture.........................................................................