综述：热浪及其对交通系统的影响

and Their Effects onTransportation Systems:A Comprehensive Review © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone: +1-202-473-1000Internet: www.worldbank.org SOME RIGHTS RESERVED This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reductionand Recovery (GFDRR). The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do notnecessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governmentsthey represent. Although the World Bank and GFDRR make reasonable efforts to ensure all theinformation presented in this document is correct, its accuracy and integrity cannot be guaranteed.The use of any data or information from this document is at the user’s own risk and under nocircumstances shall the World Bank, GFDRR, or any of its partners be liable for any loss, damage,liability, or expense incurred or suffered which is claimed to result from reliance on the data containedin this document. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map inthis work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of anyterritory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of theprivileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS.This work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encouragesdissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercialpurposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. ATTRIBUTION.Please cite this work as follows: Ukkusuri, S.V., S. Mittal, S. U. Park, N. Jones, P. Avner,and N. Romero. 2025.Heatwaves and Their Effects on Transportation Systems: A Comprehensive Review.Washington DC. The World Bank. TRANSLATIONS.If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer alongwith the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be consideredan official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in thistranslation. ADAPTATION.If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer alongwith the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinionsexpressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation andare not endorsed by The World Bank. Cover design, layout and illustrations: to come THIRD-PARTY CONTENT.The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the contentcontained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those thirdparties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringements rests solely with you. If you wish to reusea component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for thatreuse and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, butare not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World BankPublications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org Contents AcknowledgmentsAbbreviations 1. Introduction and Background Areas of ConcernObjective and Scope of This ReportThermal Comfort and Heat Measurements and ThresholdsDescription of the Indexes UsedInfrastructure Measurements and Safety ThresholdsReferences 2. Heatwaves and Transportation Infrastructure: Impacts,Consequences, and Mitigation Strategies ROADS—Key FindingsPavements under PressureReflect, Absorb, Adapt: Cutting-Edge TechniquesRecommendations and Next Steps TRAFFIC COLLISIONS—Key FindingsRising Heat, Rising CollisionsReasons behind Rising Traffic CollisionsRecommendations and Next Steps Effect of Heatwaves on the TracksExtreme Heat WarningAdapting Railways to the HeatRecommendations and Next Steps ACTIVE TRANSPORTATION—Key FindingsHeat and the Worldwide Decline in CyclingEffect of Tree CanopiesRecommendations and Next StepsReferences 3. Heatwaves and Transport User Behavior: Impacts,Consequences, and Mitigation Strategies 52 Key FindingsEffect of Heat on Workforce and Transport User BehaviorEffect of Shaded Walkways and Vegetation IslandsRecommendations and Next StepsReferences 4. Additional Considerations Key Findings Prioritizing InvestmentRegional DifferencesClimate InequalityIncomeInterdependent SystemsTechnological InnovationsReferences 5. Overarching Recommendations and Next Steps Key FindingsFuture Principles and Next Steps of Heat ResilienceReferences Additional Readings Appendices Appendix A: Road Pavements