温度异常是妇女权利和经济赋权的障碍吗？（英）

Temperature Anomalies as an Obstacleto Women’s Rights and Economic Empowerment? Daniela M. BehrLiang ShenAna TribintTea Trumbic Development EconomicsGlobal Indicators GroupSeptember 2025 A verified reproducibility package for this paper isavailable athttp://reproducibility.worldbank.org,clickherefor direct access. Policy Research Working Paper11206 Abstract Gender equality is associated with economic growth andresilience, yet various factors, including climate change,may stall progress toward equal rights for men and women.This paper analyzes historical temperature and precipitationfluctuations within countries to assess their effect on legalgender equality, using data from the World Bank’sWomen,Business and the Lawdataset, which measures women’srights across 190 economies and five decades. The find-ings reveal that temperature anomalies correlate with slowerprogress in legal gender equality, particularly in low-income countries. Irregular temperature fluctuations significantlydelay the development of legal frameworks for parentalleave, marriage, and mobility. Countries, particularly thosewith limited resources, seem less inclined to provide tangi-ble benefits to women. This study emphasizes the complexrelationship between extreme temperatures and women’srights, highlighting the importance of addressing genderdisparities to build more resilient societies, especially in theface of shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. This paper is a product of the Global Indicators Group, Development Economics It is part of a larger effort by the WorldBank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world.Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may becontacted at dbehr@worldbank.org. A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available athttp://reproducibility.worldbank.org, clickherefor direct access. The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about developmentissues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry thenames of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely thoseof the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank andits affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Temperature Anomalies as an Obstacle to Women’s Rights and EconomicEmpowerment? Daniela M. Behr*, Liang Shen+, Ana Tribint, Tea Trumbic** Keywords: Climate Change; Women’s Rights; Legal Reform; Gender Equality; Women, Businessand the Law JEL Codes: Q54; Q56; J16; K38; D63 *Daniela M. Behr, Economist, DECIG, World Bank, Washington, DC. Email:dbehr@worldbank.org+Liang Shen, Analyst, DECIG, World Bank, Washington, DC. Email:lshen2@worldbank.orgtAna Tribin, Senior Economist, DECIG, World Bank, Washington, DC. Email:atribinuribe@worldbank.org** Tea Trumbic, Manager, DECIG, World Bank, Washington, DC. Email:ttrumbic@worldbank.org We would like to thank Norman Loayza, Joshua Eastin, Caren Grown, Maria Floro, participants of the DECIG half-baked seminar,participations of the American University research seminar as well as the participants of the Jobs and Development Conference.IAFFE's Annual Conference and the Conference of the Royal Economic Society for their helpful comments and feedback on anearlier draft of this paper. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors.They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and itsaffiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. We thank the members of the Development Economics Global Indicators Department of the World Bank Group for valuable inputsto an earlier draft of this paper, the Women, Business and the Law team and the Climate Change Knowledge Portal for making thedata available. All remaining errors are our own. 1.Introduction The increasing frequency of natural disasters and rapid climate change pose significant globalchallenges, with women disproportionately affected by climate-related shocks (e.g., Eastin 2018;Neumayer and Plümper 2007). The societal repercussions of rising temperatures and extremeweather events significantly disrupt socio-economic systems and exacerbate existing genderinequalities (Lau et al. 2021). Women often face heightened vulnerability due to their socio-economic status, limited access to resources, and entrenched gender norms. Climate change caneither directly or indirectly exacerbate social, economic, and political issues, leading to eco