构网型技术：通往稳定和可持续未来的道路——为什么构网型逆变器是未来电网的关键

Why Grid-Forming Inverters are Keyto Future-Proofing the Power Grid Executive Summary The integration of renewable energy sources into the global power grid is shifting thelandlscape of gricl stalbility and reliability. As tradlitional synchronous machines that have longstabilized the grid are phasecl out, new technologies must be adopted to fill this crucial roleThis whitepaper explores the importance of gridforming technology for grid stability, andwhy Independent System Operators (ISOs) should incentivize adoption of gridformingInverters to ensure a reliable and resillent grid. Contents 04Introduction05What is GridForming?06Why is GridForming Technology Essential?07Grid-Forming Inverter Capabilities and Benefits12Common Misconceptions14Conclusion Introduction As inverterbesed renewable energy sources, like solar, windl and batteries, become a largerproportion of the overall energy mix, solutions are needed to manage inoreased intermittencyanc maintain grid stability. Historically', stability has been supplied by large, spinningregulation, frequency support, and fault ride-through. As these synchronous generators arephased out, renewable energy systems need to provide the same stability features. Grid-forming inverters offer a clean alternative to traclitional rotating machinery and provide asolution to the challenges of grid stalbility. This paper advocates for Independent SystemOperators (ISOs) to acoelerate the adloption of gridforming systems through marketsincentives, updated interconnection standards, and regulatory frameworks that prioritize thisadvanced technology. Annual Energy Outlook 2025 Reference case Whatis Grid-Forming? Gridforming contributes to grid stability much like a car's shock absorbersit dampensfluctuations and maintains smooth operation, even during disturbances. Just as a vehiclewithout shock albsorbers could lose control, a gridl without proper damping could experience ablackout, Traditionally, fossil fuelbased synchronous generators have performed this gridforming function by using mechanical inertia and rotational energy to stabilize voltage andfrequency. Gridforming inverters can achieve this same stabilizing function by independentlyestablishing and regulating grid voltage ancl frequency and responding subcycle tocounteract gridl disturbances. WhyisGrid-FormingTechnologyEssential? The ongoing shift from fossil fuel-based synchronous generation to inverterbasedrenewable energy systems, such as solar and wind, has created new opportunities forinnovation and advancement in grid operation, Most renewable energy systems use grid-following inverters, which work with an external grid voltage and frequency as a reference toproduce power. As power grids incorporate more of these gridfollowing renewables toreplace tradlitional sources, grid stalbility will decrease if not managed. In these weak gridconditions, maintaining the stable voltage and frequency required by gridfollowinginverters becomes challenging. This creates a need to introduce gridforming inverters thatcan independently maintain voltage and frequency without relying on external sources. Gridforming inverters aren't dedicated solely to performing gridforming functions—theycan be commanded just like gridfollowing inverters and therefore perform similar powerand energy services. However, adding gridforming inverters ensures existing and futuregridfollowing renewable energy sources can operate effectively and continue to supplypower during disturbances. This enables greater integration of renewables while preservinggrid resilience. Grid-Forming InverterCapabilitiesandBenefits Gridforming inverters funotion as stable voltage sources that can respond to griddisturbances on a millisecond basis, like a synchronous machine would.Grid disturbances are common and can be caused by various issues includingequipment failures, severe weather or even cyberattacks These gridforming inverters offer several key benefits over traditional gridfollowingsystems when responding to grid disturbanoes: Voltage Regulation They can respond to subcycle voltage dleviations and provide orabsorb reaotive power as needed, supporting voltage stability. Fault Current Capability They have the capability to provide fault current and continueoperating during and after a grid fault (e-g-, short oircuits orother disturbances), without disconnecting or tripping offline Frequency Regulation They offer droop-based frequency support and syntheticinertia, helping manage grid frequency during dlisturbances. Blackstart Capability They can initiate grid restoration during outages withoutrequiring an external power source. Gridforming inverters provide voltage regulation, frequency regulation and fault ride-through capabilities under extreme grid conditions including when the grid is weak and lessstable. These benefits are essential as the grid moves towards higher levels of renewableenergy penetration. In contrast, gricfollowing inverters only