增值税的效率方面（英）

Efficiency Aspects of Ruud de Mooij, Shafik Hebous, and Michael KeenWP/25/165 IMF Working Papersdescribe research inprogress by the author(s) and are published toelicit comments and to encourage debate.The views expressed in IMF Working Papers are 2025AUG IMF Working PaperFiscal AffairsDepartment Efficiency Aspects of the Value Added Tax Prepared byRuud de Mooij*, Shafik Hebous* and Michael Keen Authorized for distribution byRuud de Mooij IMF Working Papersdescribe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicitcomments and to encourage debate.The views expressed in IMF Working Papers are those of the ABSTRACT:This paper examines the efficiency of the Value Added Tax (VAT), focusing on its role as arevenue-raising tool and its use to achieve non-revenue objectives. The analysis highlights the VAT's potentialability to generate revenue with minimal distortions, emphasizing its advantages over alternative taxes, such asturnover taxes and tariffs, particularly in minimizing the cascading effects of input taxation. The paper also RECOMMENDED CITATION:De Mooij, R., Hebous, S., and Keen, M. (2025). Efficiency Aspects of the ValueAdded Tax. IMF Working Paper WP/25/165. Contents 1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................22. TheVAT as an Efficient Revenue-Raiser......................................................................................................22.1 Why Tax Consumption?...............................................................................................................................32.2 Efficiency in the taxation of final consumption.......................................................................................112.3 Why a VAT?.................................................................................................................................................142.4 How Large are the Welfare Gains from the VAT?....................................................................................182.5 Who Really Pays the VAT?.........................................................................................................................193. Beyond Revenue...........................................................................................................................................223.1 The VAT and Short Run Macroeconomic Management..........................................................................233.2 The VAT and Long Run Economic Performance.....................................................................................273.3 The VAT inPursuit of Other Objectives....................................................................................................304. Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................................32References.........................................................................................................................................................34 BOXES 1.Individual-based Consumption Taxation....................................................................................................32. Distortions from input taxation....................................................................................................................73. Gains from Shifting from a Tariff to a Consumption Tax............................................................................9 1.Introduction This paper is concerned with the question of whether, and, if so, to how significant an advantage, the ValueAddedTax (VAT)is suited to the pursuit of ‘efficiency’ in relation to a range of objectives that governmentsmight set for it. The most fundamental purpose that the VAT serves, of course, is raising revenue: Efficiency inthis dimension, and the related question of whoit is that really pays the VAT, are the subject of the first part of To begin, one needs some clarity on what is meant by ‘efficiency,’ a term that is often used with little precision.Here we take it to mean minimizing the resources used in pursuing whatever the objective to hand may be.This is intended as a more accessible formulation of the fundamental notion of ‘Pareto efficiency’: a situation inwhich it is impossible to make one person better off without making someone else worse off. In some contexts,we follow the conventional practice of supposing there to be a single representative consumer, so thatefficiency boils down to maximizing their well-being subject to some kind of constraint.1Importantly, the pursuit In focusing on efficiency concerns, this paper sets aside, as far as possible, issues of equity and fairnessaround the VAT:seee.g. De la Feria and Swistak (2024). They must, however, be touched on here too, as thetwo sets of issues are not completely separable. Equity objectives may requi