欧洲电网运营商如何为能源转型做准备：输电系统运营商实践与规划概况

A snapshot of electricitytransmission systemoperator practices and plans Contents 1Key Findings and Recommendations42Glossary83Introduction and Background94Methodology125Grid Operations136Grid Planning237Governance and Politics298Finance379Conclusions and Recommendations44 Key Findings &Recommendations Europe’s electricity grids will be the lifeline that driveseconomic growth and ensures energy security over thenext decade. Yet, at present, many grid operators areheading into the future while looking in the rear-viewmirror. Transmission System Operators (TSOs)are responsible for planning, building,and operating high-voltage grids. Ensuring that TSOs are aligning their long-term plans toachieve a fossil free renewables-based power systemby 2035 will be a critical milestone in the successfuldecarbonisation of Europe’s economy; supporting lowerenergy costs and the electrification of key sectors. Atthe same time,the regulatory landscape needsupdating to reflect new demands and realities, includingbetter governance over the actions and investments ofTSOs. Beyond Fossil Fuels, Ember, E3G and the Institute for EnergyEconomics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA) investigated 32electricity TSOs across 28 European countries to gain aninsight into how they are planning for and facilitating theclean energy transition. 2 Ancillary services:services procured by TSOs from power market participants, such asvoltage control, load-frequency control and power system restoration. Market mechanismsused to procure these services are called ancillary services markets. Clean flexibility:a set of fossil-free technologies that can complement variable energytechnologies, such as wind and solar, by exporting power to the grid in times of shortfall orstoring it when there is an excess. Technologies include demand-side flexibility and energystorage. We use this term interchangeably with the term ‘fossil-free flexibility’. In this report,we do not use ‘clean flexibility’ to refer to fossil-based technologies like gas power withcarbon capture and storage (CCS) or hydrogen power. Curtailment:the forced reduction of renewable power generation below its potentialoutput, usually due to grid constraints and the need to retain balance between supply anddemand. Demand-side flexibility:the ability of households and businesses to shift the time that theyuse electricity to reduce demand at peak moments (i.e. hours of high consumption) andincrease demand when there is a surplus of supply. Dynamic line rating:a method using forecasting data to measure the maximum power flowthat a grid line is capable of supporting with the aim of increasing the capacity of the line. Hybrid projects:a combination of renewable energy and storage technologies developedat the same location. Interconnectors:high voltage power cables that connect the power systems of neighbouringcountries, allowing power to be traded across borders. Long duration energy storage:a broad term that generally refers to energy storagetechnologies capable of discharging for a minimum duration, ranging from 6 to 10 hours. Non-firm connections:a type of contract between a power producer and a grid operatorwhereby the power producer agrees to limit their ability to export power to the grid undercertain conditions. Open-source energy model:an energy model that uses publicly available source code. Itcan also mean that the input data is freely available, but we did not consider data availabilityin the context of this project. Non-synchronous generation:renewables such as wind turbines and solar PV panels areconsidered non-synchronous because they do not all rotate at the same frequency (or inthe case of solar do not rotate at all). This can have implications for grid stability becausegrid frequency is determined by how fast generators spin. System non-synchronous penetration:a measure of the non-synchronous generation(namely, wind and solar) in the system at any moment in time. ‘Zombie’ projects:Speculative energy projects in the queue for grid connections, which addto the length of the queue but are unlikely to ever be built. National Energy and Climate Plan:10-year plans where EU Member States outline theirstrategies, policies, and measures to achieve their energy and climate targets, as requiredby the Governance Regulation on the Energy Union and Climate Action. 3 and backgroundIntroduction Affordable and reliable electricity willbe key for achieving Europe’s politicalobjectives of economic growth andenergy security. Amodern,efficient and resilient electricity grid will enable thecontinent to become more self-sufficient, reaping the full benefits ofthe region’s renewable potential, while helping to keep energy costsstable and insulated from the volatility of international gas markets. Europe’s electricity grids were designed in the fossil fuel era: a timebefore the exponential increase in renewable energy projects, thewidespread electrification of industry, homes and transport