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An AI Literacy Framework for Primary and Secondary Education With Support From Welcome! Empowering Learners for the Age of AI:An AI Literacy Frameworkfor Primary and Secondary Education (AILit Framework)is a jointinitiative of the European Commission and the Organization forEconomic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Code.org and leadinginternational experts support its development. The AILit Frameworkcontributes to the PISA 2029 Media & Artificial Intelligence Literacyassessment. This draft framework also aligns with the broader European Commissionefforts to promote quality education and skills provision for the digitaltransformation in the context of the Digital Education Action Plan2021-2027. In particular, the framework responds to the 2023 CouncilRecommendations on digital education and skills. It complements the2022 Ethical guidelines on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and datain teaching and learning for educators and DigComp 2.2: The DigitalCompetence Framework for Citizens. More broadly, the EU AI Act, thefirst comprehensive legislation on AI in the world, promotes a human-centered and risk-based approach to the adoption of AI systems. Inparticular, Article 4 of the Act requires both providers and deployers ofAI systems to ensure that their staff, and anyone using the systems ontheir behalf, have an adequate level of AI literacy. This draft is intended to elicit feedback from educators andstakeholders. We hope it sparks a dialogue about what AI literacy meansand how teaching and learning must evolve in an age of AI. We also lookforward to engaging with stakeholders over the next several months andinvite you to provide feedback at in-person and virtual events hostedby the European Commission, OECD, Code.org, and our network ofinternational experts and organizations. Your input plays a crucial role inshaping the future of AI literacy. With Support from Open for use within the restrictions granted by Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0(CC BY-SA 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Copyright 2025 OECD. All rights reserved. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way betaken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Expert Group An international team of experts informed the development of this draft. Their insight ensures that theframework aligns with research and practice at the intersections of education, technology, and learningdesign. Cathy Adams, Professor of Educational Computing, Faculty of Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton,Canada Romina Cachia, Scientific Team Leader, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Seville, Spain Kari Kivinen,Education Outreach Expert, European Intellectual Property Observatory, Alicante, Spain Victor Koleszar, Pedagogical Coordinator for Computational Thinking and Artificial Intelligence, Ceibal,Montevideo, Uruguay Lidija Kralj, Independent Expert in AI and Data Education, Veliki Bukovec, Croatia Victor R. Lee, Associate Professor of Learning Sciences and Technology Design, Stanford University, Stanford,California, USA Tara Nattrass,Managing Director of Innovation Strategy, ISTE+ASCD, Arlington, Virginia, USA(participated until March 2025) Florian Rampelt,Program Director, Future Skills & AI; Managing Director of the AI Campus, Stifterverband,Berlin, Germany Pati Ruiz, Senior Director, Edtech and Emerging Technologies, Digital Promise, Redwood City, California, USA Joseph South, Chief Innovation Officer, ISTE+ASCD, Arlington, Virginia, USA Thierry Viéville,Senior Researcher in Computational Neurosciences, National Research Institute in ComputerScience and Control Theory (INRIA), Bordeaux, France Development Team Empowering Learners for the Age of AI: An AI Literacy Framework for Primary and Secondary Educationis a joint initiative of the European Commission and the Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD). Code.org and leading international experts support its development. The EuropeanCommission co-funded the framework and assisted with expertise built on previous work at the EU level.The development team was responsible for overall project management, hosting focus groups, conductingresearch, drafting versions of the framework for review, processing feedback, and designing the draftdocument and website. Acknowledgements The TeachAI community provided valuable insights to inform the development of this draft framework. Illustrations:Abiyasa Adiguna Suggested Citation:OECD (2025). Empowering learners for the age of AI: An AI literacy framework forprimary and secondary education (Review draft). OECD. Paris. https://ailiteracyframework.org Contents 01Introduction Why AI Literacy?Young People are Experimenting with AI and Need GuidanceAI Literacy is an Educational PriorityWhat is AI?Intended Audience for the FrameworkProvide Feedback on this Draft Foundations of the AILit Framework0