区块链在农业中的应用：全球经验与肯尼亚实践

Blockchain in Agriculture:Global Lessons and theKenyan Experience June 2025 GSMA GSMA Central Insights Unit The GSMA is a global organisation unifying the mobile ecosystem to discover,develop and deliver innovation foundational to positive business environmentsand societal change. Our vision is to unlock the full power of connectivity sothat people, industry, and society thrive. Representing mobile operators andorganisations across the mobile ecosystem and adjacent industries, the GSMAdelivers for its members across three broad pillars: Connectivity for Good, IndustryServices and Solutions, and Outreach. This activity includes advancing policy,tackling today’s biggest societal challenges, underpinning the technology andinteroperability that make mobile work, and providing the world’s largest platformto convene the mobile ecosystem at the MWC and M360 series of events. The Central Insights Unit (CIU) sits at the core of GSMA Mobile for Development(M4D) and produces in-depth research on the role and impact of mobile anddigital technologies in advancing sustainable and inclusive development. The CIUengages with public and private sector practitioners to generate unique insightsand analysis on emerging innovations in technology for development. Throughour insights, we support international donors to build expertise and capacity asthey seek to implement digitisation initiatives in low- and middle-income countriesthrough partnerships within the digital ecosystem. Contact us by email:centralinsights@gsma.com We invite you to find out more atwww.gsma.com Authors Lauren White, Insights Manager, GSMALeslie Arathoon, Consultant, Digital Infrastructure and Services This material has been funded by UK International Development from the UKgovernment and is supported by the GSMA and its members. The views expresseddo not necessarily reflect the UK government’s official policies. ContributorsDaniele Tricarico, GSMA Eugénie Humeau, GSMANigham Shahid, GSMA AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank Tertia Bailey of the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office Kenya for her support and feedback. We would also like to thank the many individuals and organisations thatcontributed to this research. This includes, AgUnity, Antugrow, Bext360, Dimitra,Etherisc, EthicHub, Fairfood, Farmsent, GeoKrishi, Heifer Labs, hiveonline, Ibisa,IDB LACChain, Mercy Corps, One Million Avocados, Project Mocha, ShambaRecords, Whrrl and E-Livestock Global. Acronyms and abbreviationsDefinitionsList of figuresList of tablesExecutive summary1Introduction2Blockchain for the digitalisation of agricultural value chains in Kenya3Blockchain use cases and applicationsDigital identityAgricultural input verificationCredit, loans and crowdlendingInsuranceTraceabilityCarbon credits4Key findings and recommendations Contents Acronyms and abbreviations PINPersonal identification numberPKIPublic key infrastructureQRQuick response (code)RISARwanda Information Society AuthorityRLMUARwanda Land Management and UseAuthoritySaaSSoftware as a ServiceSADCSouthern African DevelopmentCommunityUNUnited NationsUSAIDUnited States Agency for InternationalDevelopmentUSDUnited States dollarUSSDUnstructured supplementary service dataVCMVoluntary carbon marketWFPWorld Food Programme IDIdentity documentILOInternational Labour OrganizationIMFInternational Monetary FundIVRInteractive voice responseIoTInternet of ThingsKIAMISKenya Integrated AgriculturalManagement SystemKSHKenyan shillingKYCKnow your customerLMICLow- and middle-income countryMFIMicrofinance institutionNDCNationally determined contributionNFTNon-fungible tokenNGONon-governmental organisationOMAOne Million Avocados 3GThird generation (mobile network)4GFourth generation (mobile network)5GFifth generation (mobile network)ACREAgriculture and Climate Risk EnterpriseAIArtificial intelligenceB2BBusiness-to-businessB2CBusiness-to-consumerCBKCentral Bank of KenyaDLTDistributed ledger technologyESGEnvironmental, social and governanceEUDREuropean Union Deforestation RegulationFAOFood and Agriculture Organization of theUnited NationsGDPGross domestic productIBMInternational Business Machines Definitions Figure 12Snapshot of digital insurance useamong smallholder farmers inKenyaFigure 13Core challenges experienced byfarmersFigure 14Benefits of blockchain at variousstages of the value chainFigure 15Key use cases for blockchain inagricultureFigure 16How blockchain can help buildself-sovereign digital identitiesFigure 17Agros’ blockchain-powereddigital identity (IDENTI)Figure 18DESIS 2.0 user journeyFigure 19Total supply of smallholderfarmer lending (annualdisbursements, USD billion)Figure 20myCoop.online financialreputation systemFigure 21Stakeholders in the EthicHubbusiness modelFigure 22Benefits reported by farmersreceiving EthicHub/HeiferInternational loansFigure 23Gross loans and NPLs inagriculture portfolio of Kenyancommercial banksFigure 24Non-performing loansFigure 25Blockchain in parametricinsurance List o