在区块链上构建超互联的未来

This report hopes to bring the World Government Summit a fresh perspective on the currentstate of blockchain technology. The report explores how the blockchain will drive positivechanges in nearly every area of civic life over the next ten years. Both national and municipalgovernments will realise these benefits as they adapt and adopt these technologies to meetdiverse requirements, smoothly integrating into the technological fabric which supports andserves their citizens.The global economy may also realise real benefits as the reduced transaction costs andincreased security provided by the blockchain foster innovation in the global systems of tradewhich support us all. Security and reliability are core requirements of future computingsystems. The blockchain is a bold new innovation that will bring this reliability and trust intoevery walk of life.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INDEX02EXECUTIVE SUMMARY05THE BLOCKCHAIN PRIMERGLOBALIZATION 2.015HYPERCONNECTIVITYPath to AdoptionCASE STUDIESIdentityAutonomous TransportationEnergyHealthcare28REFERENCES BY HEXAYURT.CAPITALTHE INTERNET OFAGREEMENTS THE BLOCKCHAIN PRIMERWHERE IS THE CENTRE OF THE WORLD?Electronic communications have brought us closertogether than ever before but we are still not quite inthe same room.In person-to-person communication, a tiny delay asour messages bounce around the world does notmatter much. We may have to restart a few sentenceson a video call, but we can overcome it. In computersystems a lot can happen in a few fractions of a second.At peak demand, VISA processes 24,000 credit cardpayments in one second. In the delay that a messagetakes to get to San Francisco and back, VISA hasprocessed thousands of orders.The New York Stock Exchange processes orders asthey arrive. The closer you are to the exchange, thefaster your orders clear. This has produced the highfrequency trading phenomenon, as traders cram moreand more computers as close as possible to exchangesaround the world. Central clearing houses can neverbe fully fair if they operate at the speed of light: theclosest player will always have an unfair advantage.Who gets to be at the centre of our globalized world?FAIR PLAY IN A DECENTRALIZED WORLDThe blockchain is a technology for fair play in aglobalized world. It processes transactions and storesdata much like any other computer system, but in away which is incredibly useful for solving today’schallenges.It works by promoting3fairnessadvantages:1.everywhereisthesamebecause a blockchainhasno center.Blockchain aficionados call this“decentralization.” There are no central clearing housesto move computers closer to. Transactions clear in thesame amount of time regardless of where in the worldthey were issued. This means fair play for everybodyregardless of their location. This is achieved by runningtransactions in small batches called “blocks.”2.therecord is permanenttoprotecttransactions. A benefit of decentralization is extremelystrong cybersecurity. The process which lets manycomputers all over the world process transactionstogether also means that if a machine is compromised,it does not affect the rest of the computers holdingthe blockchain. A blockchain is a secure sequence(“chain”) of blocks.3.nobodyisinchargeof the global blockchainas a whole. It is operated by a fair consensus whichmakes all participants equally responsible and equallycapable. Local blockchains can be run by a sovereignentity or a company, and they can choose who canparticipate, similar to an existing corporate networkbut more secure. Global blockchains work more liketheinternet itself:anybody can participate,butwithout compromising the inherent security of theblockchain.These attributes were first realized in a system calledBitcoin, which created a digital money used mainly byinternet natives who dreamed it might some daybecome a rival to gold as a store of value. Bitcoincontinues to compete for space as an internationalcurrency, but the main innovation has moved past itinto a new domain: smart contracts. SMART CONTRACTSA smart contract is a way of making a deal, and lockingin all the details, using the fairness and security of theblockchain. These agreementscould be simple things like abond or an option, or morecomplexinstruments whichlookmore like a smallcomputerprogram than afinancial instrument as it iscommonlyunderstood.Thefinancial industry already usesa lot of software to representfinancial instruments, so this isanextensionofexistingpractices.Asmart contract can alsointeract with the real world.For example, imagine a self-driving car that needs torecharge. Both the charging station and the car canREGISTERSAnother way to see the blockchain is as a register orledger. The attributes of fairness, permanence and soon are a good fit for what we want from record keepingsystems, including public records. A blockchain allowsone to check if an item is provably unique: exactly oneowner for a car, or building, or domain name. Thisattribute is useful and convenient within