法律和政策如何支持孟加拉国对性别问题有敏感认识的灾害风险管理（英）

KEY POINTS•A focus on gender equalityin disaster risk management(DRM) is importantbecause it strengthensoverall resilience todisasters and leads to moreequitable recovery.•Bangladesh presentsan interesting case as ithas established a policyframework that recognizesthe important roles ofwomen in DRM. Thisframework includes astrong constitutional base,representation of womenin DRM institutions, and anational plan for disastermanagement that stronglyintegrates gender equalityand social inclusion.•Bangladesh can reinforce itsregional and global leadershipin gender-responsive DRMby mainstreaming andimplementing the genderequality actions in currentDRM regulations and plans inthe short term, while focusingon enhancing institutionalarrangements to betteraddress gender-specificdisaster risks and needs in themedium term.ISBN 978-92-9277-348-9 (print)ISBN 978-92-9277-349-6 (PDF)ISSN 2071-7202 (print)ISSN 2218-2675 (PDF)Publication Stock No. BRF250239-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/BRF250239-2 ADB BRIEFS NO. 3452In Bangladesh, as in other countries, gender differences playa significant role in shaping the risks and impacts of disasters,with women and girls often facing higher disaster risk than men.These risks can arise from social and cultural norms that restrictwomen’s access to resources, information, and decision-makingprocesses, which can hinder their ability to prepare for and respondto disasters, or to access early warning systems and recoveryresources.2Women are more likely to be responsible for caregivingroles, which limits their mobility during emergency evacuations andplaces an increased unpaid care burden on them during recovery,also impacting their economic recovery.Disasters exacerbate preexisting inequalities, with women facingheightened risks of gender-based violence,5loss of livelihood, andbarriers to accessing health care,6particularly during displacement.For many women, the lack of property rights and access to creditalso leaves them more vulnerable in the aftermath of disasters asthey may struggle to secure recovery aid or rebuild their homes.These gendered impacts highlight the need for gender-responsiveand inclusive DRM policies that address the specific needs andvulnerabilities of women, girls, and people of diverse gendersin Bangladesh.By implementing early warning systems, constructingresilient infrastructure like cyclone shelters, and promotingcommunity-based preparedness programs, Bangladesh hassignificantly reduced loss of life,8injuries, and property damage.The country’s focus on preparedness, early action, and riskreduction is enabling it to mitigate the impacts of cyclones andfloods, positioning Bangladesh as a leader in DRM globally.Bangladesh has effectively applied DRM laws and policies to reducethe impacts and risks associated with extreme weather events andenvironmental hazards by providing an expert decision-makingagency with a national and local institutional framework, andbudget to address impacts and risks. For example, enforcingbuilding standards, conducting community preparedness drills andtraining volunteers (women and men), establishing early warning1International Centre for Climate Change and Development. 2023.Review of Implementation: Bangladesh’s Climate Change Gender Action Plan (ccGAP).UN Women Bangladesh.2Government of Bangladesh, Cabinet Division and General Economics Division of Bangladesh Planning Commission. 2020.Gender Diagnostics, Policy, Strategyand Action Plan (DRAFT): For National Social Security Strategy of Bangladesh. Social Security Policy Support Programme.3M. Mathew. 2019. Unpaid Work in Asia and the Pacific.Social Development Policy Papers. No. 2019/02. United Nations Economic and Social Commissionfor Asia and the Pacific.4N. Sultana. 2022. Understanding the Economic Dimensions of Women’s Vulnerability During Cyclones: The Bangladesh Perspective.International Journalof Disaster Risk Reduction. 70. 102730.5International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. 2016. Case Study 1: A Legacy of Cyclones: Bangladesh. InUnseen, Unheard: Gender-BasedViolence in Disasters—Asia-Pacific Case Studies. pp. 17–40.6N. Sultana. Biological Dimensions of Women’s Vulnerability in Cyclones: A Concern for Raising Self-Consciousness and Self-Worth in Case of AddressingDisaster Risk. Unpublished (Author’s Copy, 2023); and S. Ayeb-Karlsson. 2021. Mental Health Distress in the Wake of Bangladesh Cyclone Shows theDevastation of Climate-Related Loss and Damage.The Conversation. 18 November.7Government of Bangladesh, Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief. 2021.National Strategy on Internal Displacement Management.8U. Haque et al. 2012. Reduced Death Rates from Cyclones in Bangladesh: What More Needs to Be Done?Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 90 (2). pp. 150–156.9N. T. Rumpa, H. R. K. Real, and M. A. Razi. 2023. Disaster Risk Reduction in Bangladesh: A Comparison of Three Major Floods for Assessing Progress TowardsResilience.International Journal of Di