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The Geneva Association(The International Associationfor the Study of Insurance Economics)The Geneva Association is the leading international insurance think tank for strategically important insurance and riskThe Geneva Association identifies fundamental trends and strategic issues where insurance plays a substantial role orwhich influence the insurance sector. Through the development of research programmes, regular publications and theorganisation of international meetings, The Geneva Association serves as a catalyst for progress in the understandingof risk and insurance matters and acts as an information creator and disseminator. It is the leading voice of the largestinsurance groups worldwide in the dialogue with international institutions. In parallel, it advances – in economic andcultural terms – the development and application of risk management and the understanding of uncertainty in theThe Geneva Association membership comprises a statutory maximum of 90 Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) from theworld’s top insurance and reinsurance companies. It organises international expert networks and manages discussionplatforms for senior insurance executives and specialists as well as policy-makers, regulators and multilateralorganisations. The Geneva Association’s annual General Assembly is the most prestigious gathering of leadingEstablished in 1973, The Geneva Association, officially the “International Association for the Study of InsuranceEconomics”, is based in Geneva, Switzerland and is a non-profit organisation funded by its members.Chairman:Dr Nikolausvon Bomhard, Chairman of the Board of Management, Munich Re, Munich.Vice Chairman:Mr JohnStrangfeld, Chairman and CEO, Prudential Financial, Inc., Newark; Mr KunioIshihara,Chairman of the Board, Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance Co., Tokyo; Mr MichaelDiekmann, Chairman of theManagement Board, Allianz SE, Munich.Members of the Board:Dr CarloAcutis, Vice President, Vittoria Assicurazioni S.p.A., Turin; Dr SergioBalbinot,Managing Director, Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A., Trieste; Mr Henride Castries, Chairman of the ManagementBoard and CEO, AXA Group, Paris; Mr Patrickde Larragoiti Lucas, President, Sul America Seguros, Rio de Janeiro;Prof. DenisKessler, Chairman and CEO, SCOR, Paris; Dr StefanLippe, CEO, Swiss Re Group, Zurich; Mr JoséManuelMartínez, Chairman, MAPFRE SA, Madrid; Mr MikeMcGavick, CEO, XL Group plc, Hamilton;MrAndrewMoss, CEO, Aviva plc, London; Mr MartinSenn, CEO, Zurich Financial Services, Zurich; Mr Donald A.Stewart, CEO, Sun Life Financial Inc., Toronto; Mr TidjaneThiam, Group Chief Executive, Prudential plc, London;Dr RichardWard, CEO, Lloyd’s, London; Dr YanWu, Chairman and President, The People’s Insurance CompanySecretary General and Managing Director:Mr Patrick M.Liedtke, Geneva.Vice Secretaries General:Prof. JanMonkiewicz(Head of PROGRES and Liaison – Eastern Europe), Warsaw; MrWalterStahel(Head of Risk Management), Geneva.Heads of Programmes and Research Directors:Dr EttiBaranoff(Research Director for Insurance and Finance),Richmond; Dr ChristopheCourbage(Research Director and Head of Health & Ageing and Insurance Economics),Geneva; Mr DanielHaefeli(Head of Insurance and Finance), Geneva; Mr DonaldInscoe(Head of InstitutionalRelations—October 2011), Washington D.C.; Mr AnthonyKennaway(Head of Communications), Geneva; Prof.KrzysztofOstaszewski(Research Director for Life and Pensions), Normal, Illinois.Special Officers:Mr KatsuoMatsushita(Liaison - Japan & East Asia), Yokohama; Mr GordonStewart, (Liaison -North America), New York; Dr Hans PeterWürmli(Chairman of Chief Risk Officers Network), Zurich.Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Council:Prof. HaroldSkipper, Georgia State University, Atlanta.Former Presidents of The Geneva Association:Mr RaymondBarre, Paris (1973-1976); Mr FabioPadoa, Trieste(1976-1983); Mr JuliusNeave, London (1983-1986); Prof. Dr Dr e.h. ReimerSchmidt, Aachen (1986-1990); SirBrianCorby, London (1990-1993); Drs. Jan H.Holsboer, Amsterdam (1993-1999); Mr WalterKielholz, Zurich(1999-2003); Mr Henride Castries, Paris (2003-2008); Mr Martin J.Sullivan, New York (2008); Mr JacquesAigrain, management issues.modern economy.insurance CEOs worldwide.(Group) of China Ltd., Beijing.Zurich (2008-2009). The Essential Role of Insurance Servicesfor Trade Growth and DevelopmentA Primer from The Geneva Association’s Programme on Regulationand Supervision (PROGRES)by Julian Arkell, Special Advisor, The Geneva Association The Geneva Association53 Route de Malagnou,CH-1208 Geneva,SwitzerlandE-mail:secretariat@genevaassociation.orgTel: +41 22 707 66 00Fax: +41 22 736 75 36www.genevaassociation.orgPROGRES Research ProgrammeThe PROGRES name stands for Research PROGramme on REgulation, Supervision and legal issues ininsurance. It focuses on questions related to regulation, supervision and international co-operation of insuranceand financial services as well as other legal issues of importance. The research programme manages The Gen