遗传学与人寿保险：监管的微观视角

The Geneva AssociationThe Geneva Association is the leading international insurance think tank for strategically important insurance and riskmanagement issues. The Geneva Association identifies fundamental trends and strategic issues where insurance playsa substantial role or which influence the insurance sector. Through the development of research programmes, regularpublications and the organisation of international meetings, The Geneva Association serves as a catalyst for progress inthe understanding of risk and insurance matters and acts as an information creator and disseminator. It is the leadingvoice of the largest insurance groups worldwide in the dialogue with international institutions. In parallel, it advances—in economic and cultural terms—the development and application of risk management and the understanding ofThe Geneva Association membership comprises a statutory maximum of 90 chief executive of officers (CEOs) fromthe world’s top insurance and reinsurance companies. It organises international expert networks and managesdiscussion platforms for senior insurance executives and specialists as well as policymakers, regulators and multilateralEstablished in 1973, The Geneva Association, officially the ‘International Association for the Study of InsuranceEconomics’, is based in Zurich, Switzerland and is a non-profit organisation funded by its Members. www.genevaassociation.org@TheGenevaAssocuncertainty in the modern economy.organisations. Genetics and Life InsuranceA View Into the Microscope of RegulationBy Ronald Klein, Director Global Ageing, The Geneva Association Genetics and Life Insurance - A View into the Microscope of RegulationPublished by The Geneva Association—International Association for the Study of Insurance EconomicsThe Geneva AssociationThe Geneva Association—International Association for the Study of Insurance EconomicsTalstrasse 70, CH-8001 ZurichEmail: secretariat@genevaassociation.org | Tel: +41 44 200 49 00 | Fax: +41 44 200 49 99 2www.genevaassociation.org@TheGenevaAssoc© The Geneva AssociationCover page—Natalie Mis, Shutterstock. June 2017Photo credits: ContentsForewordExecutive SummaryIntroductionA Brief History of GenesThe Human Genome ProjectMoore’s LawGenetic Information: Unleash or Control it?Direct-To-Consumer TestingTesting and InsuranceGenetic ExceptionalismGenetic RegulationLimitations and ControversiesExperts May Disagree on the Powers of GeneticsGenetic Test Results May Be MisinterpretedConclusionsCountry by Country Regulation 3Genetics and Life Insurance—A V iew Into the M icroscope of Regulation5677778889101010111213 4www.genevaassociation.orgAcknowledgementsThe author would like to thank the Global Ageing research programme's working group members: Naomi Bazak(Manulife Financial), Theo Bouts (Allianz), Richard Jackson (Global Aging Institute), Stefan Kroepfl (Zurich Insurance),Mike Mansfield (Aegon), Bryan Pickel (Prudential Financial), Cord-Roland Rinke (Hannover Re), Phil Waldeck (PrudentialFinancial) and Sally Wan (AIA) and for their assistance with this paper. In addition, a special thanks goes out to the subjectmatter experts who assisted with technical aspects of the paper: Christoph Nabholz (Swiss Re) and Achim Regenauer(Partner Re). Finally, the author would like to thank paper reviewers: Chris Madsen (Aegon), Loraine Oman-Ganes (SunLife Financial), Marc Radice (Zurich Insurance) and Ryusuke Yoshida (Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance). @TheGenevaAssoc ForewordAnna Maria D’HulsterSecretary General,The Geneva Association Genetic testing is becoming increasingly available at ever lower prices. People who knowthey have a gene associated with a type of cancer, for example, may look for treatmentswhich could minimise the risk of developing the disease. What are the implications of this forlife insurance underwriting? Should genetic information be a requirement by life insurers?Such questions represent the tip of the iceberg of the many complex implications ofgenetics in life insurance. In addition to the economic aspects, there are many othersocial, ethical and regulatory considerations to address.This paper focuses specifically on the regulatory implications of genetic testing. Thereport, produced by The Geneva Association’s Global Ageing research programme, findsthat for life, disability, critical illness and long-term care insurance, regulations typicallyfall into five categories. Thus, there is a whole spectrum ranging from countries that haveno genetic-specific regulatory framework; to countries with a clear-cut prohibition ormoratorium to the use of genetic information. Each scenario—including the ones in-between—has different consequences.The use of genetic information for life, disability, critical illness and long-term careinsurance is likely to increase in relevance. Whilst this hardly comes as a surprise, onlyrecently has the topic started to attract the attention of regulators, policymakers and thegeneral public. This report repr