天然气认证前景

The IEA examines the fullspectrumof energy issuesincluding oil, gas andcoal supply anddemand, renewableenergy technologies,electricity markets,energy efficiency,access to energy,demand sidemanagement and muchmore. Through its work,the IEA advocatespolicies that will enhancethe reliability,affordability andsustainability of energyin its32Member countries,13Association countriesand beyond.This publication and any mapincluded herein are withoutprejudice to the status of orsovereignty over any territory,to the delimitation ofinternational frontiers andboundaries and to the nameof any territory, city or area.Source: IEA.International Energy AgencyWebsite: www.iea.orgIEAMembercountries:AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TürkiyeUnited KingdomUnited StatesThe EuropeanCommission alsoparticipates in thework of the IEAINTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCY IEAAssociationcountries:ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingaporeSouth AfricaThailandUkraine PAGE|3AcknowledgementsThis report was prepared by the IEA’s Gas, Coal and Power Markets Division(GCP) and Office of the Legal Counsel (OLC), in collaboration with the Office ofthe Chief Energy Economist. The report’s principal authors are Carole Etienne,Félix Gagnon and Chiara Hampton. Other IEA colleagues who provided valuableinputs include Ana Alcalde Bascones, Tomás de Oliveira Bredariol, SadhikaGulati, Dennis Hesseling, Christophe McGlade, K.C. Michaels, David Niedzwickiand Natalie StClair.This report could not have been achieved without the financial support of, andinput from, Canada’s Department of Natural Resources. The report was preparedin support of Canada’s G7 presidency.Valuable comments and feedback were received from the following externalexperts (in alphabetical order):Jonathan BanksKevin BirnB.J. CarneyEmmanuel CorralScott CrabtreeLaurent DavidCaroline DunnFlorence FungFiji GeorgeTamura KoshoHeather JonesWill JordanJenna HermannAl Kleinschmidt Clean Air Task ForceS&P GlobalNortheast Natural EnergyS&P GlobalTamboran ResourcesGIIGNLProject CanaryNatural Resources CanadaCheniereTokyo GasS&P GlobalEQTProject CanaryCanadian Gas Association Natural Resources CanadaClean Air Task ForceEQTSwiss Federal Office of EnergyIndependent ConsultantClean Air Task ForceRBCNatural Resources CanadaMiQChevronNatural Resources CanadaNatural Resources CanadaEquitable OriginMiQNatural Resources CanadaEquitable OriginEquitable OriginMiQExpand EnergyNatural Resources CanadaThanks are also due the IEA’s Communications and Digital Office (CDO) for theirhelpin producing the report,particularly Jethro Mullen,Curtis Brainard,Astrid Dumond,Liv Gaunt,Julia Horowitz,Oliver Joy,Poeli Bojorquez,Wonjik Yang, Isabelle Nonain-Semelin, Clara Vallois and Grace Gordon. The PAGE|4report was copyedited by Elspeth Thomson. PAGE|5Table of contentsExecutive summary ................................................................................................................61.The role of certification in natural gas supply chains .....................................................8Natural gas operations result in around 5% of global energy-related greenhouse gasemissions .....................................................................................................................8Methane emissions account for most of the natural gas sector’s greenhouse gasemissions .....................................................................................................................9Theemissions intensity of natural gas varies significantly between and withincountries ....................................................................................................................12Defining certified natural gas .....................................................................................13Potential benefits of certified natural gas for companies and countries ..................... 132.Status and landscape .......................................................................................................17Overview of voluntary initiatives in the natural gas sector ......................................... 17Certification schemes.................................................................................................17Corporate reporting initiatives ....................................................................................21Supply chain protocols...............................................................................................23Volume of certified natural gas globally and across regions...................................... 253.Limitations of current natural gas certification..............................................................28Inconsistencies in robustness, integrity and transparency......................................... 28M