基于自然的解决方案在生物多样性保护和气候行动界面的实施

Nature-based solutions to operationalizethe biodiversity conservation and climateaction interface Photocopies and reproductions of excerpts are allowed with proper credits. All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the UnitedNations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA),email:publications-escwa@un.org. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authorsand do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal statusof any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of itsfrontiers or boundaries. Links contained in this publication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct atthe time of issue. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of thatinformation or for the content of any external website. References have, wherever possible, been verified. Mention of commercial names and products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures.Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. United Nations publication issued by ESCWA, United Nations House, Riad El Solh Square,P.O. Box: 11–8575, Beirut, Lebanon. Website:www.unescwa.org. 2400628E Key messages •Nature-based solutions comprise great untapped potential for addressing the dualchallenges of biodiversity loss and the impacts of climate change across the Arabregion; •The priority areas for which nature-based interventions would generate the greatestbiodiversity and climate synergies were identified in the Atlas highlands, the westerncoasts of North Africa, the Nile delta, the coastal Mashreq area and the Jordan RiverValley, the southern Mesopotamian floodplains and the coastal areas of the ArabianPeninsula along the Gulf of Oman. •Appropriate nature-based solutions should be selected based on the biophysicalcharacteristics, socioeconomic conditions and priority development needs of thelocations identified for intervention. •The impacts of nature-based solutions can exceed the mitigation objectives forwhich they were designed and generate considerable further adaptation benefits,including improved watershed protection, water supply and purification, coaststabilization, flood protection and enhanced resilience against sand and dust storms. Key messagesiii Background1 A.Hotspot 1: Atlas Mountains in Morocco6B.Hotspot 2: Atlas Mountains in Algeria and coastal areas8C.Hotspot 3: Low-lying Nile Delta in Egypt11D.Hotspot 4: Iraq Mesopotamian floodplain and Zagros Mountains14E.Hotspot 5: Coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean17F.Hotspot 6: Jordan River Valley18G.Hotspot 7: Southeastern parts of the Arabian Peninsula20Conclusion25 List of figuresFigure 1.Nature-based solutions operationalize the biodiversity/climate change interface 3Figure 2.Identified priority areas for biodiversity and climate benefits6Figure 3.Atlas Mountains in Morocco6Figure 4.Ecosystem service values of Mediterranean forests7Figure 5.Location of the green dam in Algeria10Figure 6.Tidal replicate method10Figure 7.Land projected to be below annual flood level due to 30 cm sea level rise (light green),Mediterranean Coast, Egypt11Figure 8.Combined ecosystem service values in the three main deltaic coastal wetlands12Figure 9.Vegetated sand dunes for shore stabilization13Figure 10.Constructed reed dikes for shore protection in the Delta area13Figure 11.Erbil, Duhok and Suleimaniya landscape scenic views14Figure 12.RICCAR climate projections for the Mashreq subregion highlighting highest changes in hotspot area15Figure 13.Areas of priority for biodiversity and climate change which are prone to sand and dust storms17Figure 14.Jordan Valley19Figure 15.Revival of the Hima practice19Figure 16.Ecosystem service values of mangroves as a percentage of total ecosystem service value21Figure 17.Recommended nature-based interventions for high priority joint biodiversity and climate changebenefits25 List of boxesBox 1.Summary of priority area 1 characteristics 7Box 2.Summary of priority area 2 characteristics10Box 3.Summary of priority area 3 characteristics12Box 4.Summary of priority area 4 characteristics15Box 5.Summary of priority area 5 characteristics18Box 6.Summary of priority area 6 characteristics19Box 7.Summary of priority area 7 characteristics21 Background Biodiversity and the climate are intrinsicallylinked through associated processes thatgovern carbon fluxes across the variousterrestrial, atmospheric and hydrologicalspheres.3Carbon is the buildin