Publika促进欧洲在人工智能领域主权发展的策略

June 2025 based on a report by L. Dibiaggio, L. Nesta and S. Vannuccini (2024).Europeansovereignty in artificial intelligence: A competence-based perspective2024 Edition Rapporteurs: Frédérique Vidal and Sean Scull. SKEMA Publika is an independent think tank that works to produce accessible international thought far fromformatted conventions, to fuel public debate and better inform national and international policymakers. Affiliated with SKEMA Business School, the think tank addresses political and societal issues connected withpublic policy and on which SKEMA has a legitimate voice. It tackles them from the angle of early signs, anticipatesand formulates recommendationsfor “after”. It uses a multidisciplinary and hybrid approach to informationprocessing, combining human and digital intelligence. It draws on the international and transcultural dimensionof SKEMA, a school present on five continents and boasting thousands of students and hundreds of researchers. INSIGHTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 3I. ORIGINAL INSIGHTS FROM THE RESEARCH.......................................................................................................... 5II. MEASUREMENT OF THE SPECIFICITIES OF THE AI INDUSTRY ............................................................................. 5MEASUREMENT OF INVESTMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 5THE IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATION .................................................................................................................. 6THE NEED FOR PRODUCTIVE SPECIALISATION .................................................................................................... 8IMPACT OF THE COOPERATION BETWEEN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS................................................ 9III. THE DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES WORLDWIDE............................................................................. 10THE NEED TO ESTABLISH A EUROPEAN DOCTRINE ........................................................................................... 10SMART LAW: A PRAGMATIC REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR AI .................................................................... 10LEVERS UNDER DEVELOPMENT......................................................................................................................... 11IV. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROMPTING THE EMERGENCE OF EUROPEAN AI SOVEREIGNTY ......................... 121.THE NEED FOR INTEGRATION IN EUROPEAN MARKETS ......................................................................... 122.DEVELOPING A STRATEGY OF INTEGRATION.......................................................................................... 133.DRAWING INSPIRATION FROM OTHER COUNTRIES TO DEVELOP A PRODUCTIVE SPECIALISATION ...... 144.TRAINING, ATTRACTING AND RETAINING TALENTS ............................................................................... 155.EUROPEAN GOVERNANCE ...................................................................................................................... 15CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................................... 15SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................ 16AUTHORS............................................................................................................................................................... 17 Over the last few years, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a hot topic, not only in the media and in the politicalsphere, but also in the business world, to the point that people are talking about the “digital miracle” or the “AIrevolution”. And itis true that AI, and generative AI in particular, has turned life upside down, both inside andoutside work. This was the subject of the report published by SKEMA Publika in December 2024, entitledThedigital transition: impacts and dependences, which analyses the impacts and dependences related to the digitaltransition and the transition to AI. The political and strategic importance of this new technology has also beenillustrated by recent events reported in the context of the rivalry between China and the USA. In January 2025,a Chinese AI tool named DeepSeek turned the tables in the race for AI. The low cost of developing it (less than$6 million according to China) worried its American competitor, ChatGPT.1For comparison, the development ofChatGPT-4 is said to have cost $80 million, with OpenAI investing a total of $3 billion across all its models.2 As a result, Washington heralded “Stargate”, a joint project by SoftBank, OpenAI and Oracle to invest $500 billionto build the infrastructure required to develop the AI industry and win the battle