数字孪生的数据法律含义之旅

JournalofInnovation May2025|27thEdition TheTourd’HorizonofDataLaw ImplicationsofDigitalTwins IndustryConsiderations Authors: Dr.MihirParikh NishithDesaiAssociates mihir.parikh@nishithdesai.com VarshaJajesh NishithDesaiAssociates varsha.rajesh@nishithdesai.com AaronKamath NishithDesaiAssociates aaron.kamath@nishithdesai.com PalakKapoor NishithDesaiAssociates palak.kapoor@nishithdesai.com CONTENTS 1UnderstandingandCategorizingDTs4 1.1ProductDT5 1.1.1DefenseandAviation5 1.1.2Healthcare5 1.2ProcessDT6 1.2.1Manufacturing6 1.2.2Healthcare7 1.3NetworkDT7 1.3.1TelecommunicationsandEnergy7 1.3.2SustainabilityProjects8 1.4CommuniityDT8 1.4.1SmartCities8 2DataFlows9 2.1Acquisition9 2.2Validation,StructuringandAnonymization9 2.3DevelopmentandDeployment10 3ConsiderationsUnderDataLaws10 3.1Stakeholders10 3.1.1DataController10 3.1.2DataProcessor10 3.1.3DataSubject10 3.2DataAgreements11 3.3CrossBorderDatatransfersandLocalization12 3.4DataMinimization,ProcessingandRetentionLimitations12 4LegalImplicationsandRiskManagement13 4.1ViolationofPrivacy13 4.1.1PotentialRisks14 4.1.2Impact14 4.2DataSubjectRights15 4.2.1PotentialRisks16 4.2.2Impact16 4.3DataLocalization17 4.3.1PotentialRisks17 4.3.2Impact17 4.4DataTransfers17 4.4.1PotentialRisks18 4.4.2Impact19 4.5DataStorage&Security19 4.5.1PotentialRisks19 4.5.2Impact20 4.6DataFidelity20 4.6.1PotentialRisks20 4.6.2Impact21 5ConclusionandTakeAways22 5.1Humanoversight22 5.2Expertsasaresource22 5.3Dataclassification22 5.4Entityclassification22 5.5Mapping23 5.6Dataqualityandassurance23 5.7DataAgreements23 5.8HonoringRights23 5.9SecurityandInsurance23 6References24 7Acknowledgements25 OnemaybefamiliarwithMarvelComicscharacter“IronMan,”whodesignedhissuitusinga3Dhologrammodel[1].Thisfictionalideaofavirtualreplicahasnowculminatedintoarealityintheformof‘DigitalTwins.’Bridgingthegapbetweenthephysicalandvirtualrealms,‘DigitalTwins’hasbecomeabuzzwordinnumerousindustriesfromhealthcaretoaerospacetoenergytomanufacturing. ADigitalTwin(“DT”)isavirtualreplicaofreal-worldapplications.Cars,humans,supplychain,telecomnetworks,businessprocesses,andevenentirecitiescanhavetheirDTs.GlobalDTmarketsizeisprojectedtogrowfromUSD17.73billionin2024toUSD259.32billionby2032,forecastingaCAGRof39.8%[2]. DTsaredataintensiveapplicationsandmayhaveseveralimplicationsundervariousdatalawsglobally.Thisarticleaimstoprovideabroadoverviewofthedatalawconsiderations(privacyandsectorallaws)fordigitaltwinsacrossvariousjurisdictions. 1UNDERSTANDINGANDCATEGORIZINGDTS ThefirstknownuseofaDTwasbytheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationinthe1960sfortheApollo13mission,where15simulatorswereusedtoreplicatethephysicalspacecraft'sconditions[3].TheDigitalTwinConsortium1hasdefinedaDTas“anintegrateddata-drivenvirtualrepresentationofreal-worldentitiesandprocesses,withsynchronizedinteractionataspecifiedfrequencyandfidelity.”2TheinternationalstandardISO/IEC30173:2023onDigitaltwin–Conceptsandterminologyalsoprovidesforadefinitionofdigitaltwins.3However,theacceptanceofthisdefinitionissubjecttotheacceptanceoftheinternationalstandardbytherespectivecountries. Toputsimply,acommonmanmayperceiveaDTasa“replica”ofaphysicalproductorprocess,continuouslyupdatedwithreal-timedatafromthephysicalcounterpart.Typically,dependingupontheutilityandtypeoftheDT,itmaybefacilitatedorsupportedbyvarioustechnologiesincludingInternetofThings(“IoT”)deviceslikesensorsfordatacollection,cloudcomputingfordatastorageandretrieval,ArtificialIntelligence(“AI”)fordataanalyticsandimmersivetechnologies(augmented,virtualandmixedreality)tocreatevirtualreplicas[4]. Againstthisbackdrop,itispertinenttonotethatDTsmaybebroadlyclassifiedasfollows. 1OfficialwebsiteoftheDigitalTwinConsortium.https://www.digitaltwinconsortium.org 2DefinitionofaDigitalTwin,DigitalTwinConsortium. https://www.digitaltwinconsortium.org/initiatives/the-definition-of-a-digital-twin/ 3ISO/IEC30173:2023Digitaltwin–Conceptsandterminology. https://www.iso.org/standard/81442.html 1.1PRODUCTDT AProductDTspanstheentirelifecycleofaphysicalproduct,fromdesigntodisposal,usingbidirectionaldataflows.Industryresearchdistinguishesbetweena“componenttwin”(adigitalreplicaofasinglepart)andan‘assettwin’(amodelcombiningtwoormorecomponenttwinstoanalyseinteractions)[5].Forexample,acarengineDTwouldbeacomponenttwin,whileaDToftheentirecar—engine,battery,wheels,ignition,andcoolingsystems—wouldbeanassettwin.AfewusecaseexamplesofaProductDTarediscussedbelow. 1.1.1DEFENSEANDAVIATION Inthedefenseandaviationsector,DTsareusedfordesigning,testing,andmonitoringproductslikefighterjets,commercialaircraft,anddrones.TheuseofProductDTinthissectorcanenhancelongevitybypromptingtimelyrepairsandmaintenance,aswellasimprovedurabilitythroughtestingandadjustments.Hereareacoupleofusecases. IntelligentEngines RollsRoyce'sIntelligentEnginevisionusesdigitaltechnologytodesign,test,andmaintainaircraftenginesinthe‘digitalsphere.’ThecompanyemploysaDTofthephysicalenginetosimulatepotentialtestscenarios.4Additionally,theirEngineHealthManagementfeaturetransfersdatafromphysical