印尼服务贸易：探索模式、政策和改革方案

EXPLORING PATTERNS, POLICIES, AND REFORMSCENARIOS Services Trade in Indonesia EXPLORING PATTERNS, POLICIES, AND REFORMSCENARIOS This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed andarguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. ISBN 978-92-64-82875-9 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-59307-7 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-62821-2 (HTML)ISBN 978-92-64-91464-3 (epub) Revised version, October 2024Details of revisions available at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html Photo credits:Cover © Denis Moskvinov/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2024 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Foreword Servicesand services trade play an increasingly important role inIndonesia’seconomy as they representnew sources of growth, job creation, and overall wellbeing. Thisstudy explores patterns, policies, andreform scenarios of Indonesian services trade building on the OECD’s expertise, data, and analysis. Thestylized facts and findings presented here aim to inform the discussion on a co-ordinated policy actionamongst Indonesian policy makers and stakeholdersso as to maximise the contribution of services tradeto the country’s economic development. This study covers the role of services trade in the Indonesian economy at both the aggregate and granularsectoral levels;the regulatory environment for services trade, includingdomestic regulatory and policydevelopments,as well astherelevant services trade disciplinesin Indonesia’sregional trade agreements;andpotential reform packages that target services trade,with an assessment of their potential impact onthe Indonesian economy. This study was prepared by the Trade Policy Division of the OECD. It was funded by avoluntarycontribution from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) of Australia, and its scope andstructure were designed in close collaboration with the Directorate of Services Trade Negotiations in theMinistry of Trade of Indonesia. The analysis relied on OECD databases, as well as on in-house andacademic research in the area of services trade reforms. Acknowledgements This publicationwas prepared by Frederic Gonzales, Janos Ferencz, Matteo Fiorini, and Ana-MariaMuresan.The authors are particularly indebted to the Secretary General of International TradeNegotiations of the Government of Indonesia, Ms. Basaria Tiara Desika L. Gaol, to the Director of Tradein Services Negotiation, Mr. Mochamad Rizalu Akbar, and to their team, in particular to Indra PrahastaIgnatius and Ika Yulistyawati, for their detailed and constructive feedback. The authors would like to thankChristine Schaeffer from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) of Australia and ProfessorChristopher Findlay for their precious comments. The authors are very grateful to Mattia Cai, JohnDrummond, Massimo Geloso Grosso, Andrea Goldstein, Laura Kuusela, Antonella Liberatore, JavierLópez González, Annabelle Mourougane, Silvia Sorescu, Enxhi Tresa, Cristiana Vitale,and CarmenZürker for their inputs and insightful comments. Finally, the authors would like to thank Nadia Kallista foroutstanding research assistance, Michèle Patterson and Marc Regnier for their invaluable editorial su