扩大和改进生产性发展政策：对拉丁美洲和加勒比的113项建议2025

Scaling up andimproving productivedevelopment policies La trampa de alta desigualdady baja movilidad social enAmérica Latina y el Caribe113 recommendationsfor Latin America andthe Caribbean Introduction In September 2024, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)presented the first edition of its new flagship publicationPanorama of Productive Development Policiesin Latin America and the Caribbean, 2024.1This document fills a gap in the Commission’s catalogueof publications, which until now has not featured a regular publication addressing one of its flagshipthemes over the years: productive development. This report is even more important in the context of the recent ECLAC statement that Latin Americaand the Caribbean faces three development traps: weak capacity for growth; high inequality, lowsocial mobility and weak social cohesion; and low institutional capacity and ineffective governance. Inorder to emerge from the development crisis caused by these traps, ECLAC has argued that 11 greattransformations are needed in the region’s development model, one of which is related to the centraltheme ofPanorama of Productive Development Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2024:the need to scale up and improve productive development policies in the countries of the region andtheir territories based on a new vision of such policies. The document is premised on the notion that the region is not starting from scratch with regard toproductive development policies. However, it posits that such efforts: (i) have been marginal in theface of the existing productivity challenge and compared with other countries’ efforts in this area;(ii) have been carried out in a disjointed manner, thus there are great opportunities to improvecoordination between different ministries, agencies, stakeholders and government levels; (iii) havebeen discontinuous, with policy changes owing to changes of government (as these are medium- andlong-term agendas, the idea of building on what has already been achieved should prevail); (iv) havebeen managed primarily with a centralist, top-down approach from capital cities and without anymajor role for local territories and actors; (v) have not been sufficiently evaluated, bearing in mindthat evaluation is essential to determine what works and what does not, in order to scale it up, adjustit or discard it; (vi) are poorly aligned with the new productive development policy vision proposed by ECLAC; and (vii) have been generally low-impact, when considered in the light of the region’sinsufficient performance in terms of productivity and growth. In addition to proposing a new ECLAC vision for productive development policies in chapter II,Panorama of Productive Development Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2024presents aseries of analyses that aim to validate or rule out the aforementioned hypotheses. Chapter III presentsan exercise to characterize and quantify the productive development policy instruments implementedby a group of countries in the region. Chapter IV analyses the institutions and governance mechanismsfor productive development policies in some countries. Lastly, chapter V reviews the work beingundertaken in this area by subnational governments in the region. It should be noted that the analysespresented in the document do not rule out the hypotheses put forward. This document is not just a mere diagnosis, but instead aims to foster and deepen discussions onthis topic in the region, offering multiple recommendations to guide Latin American and Caribbeancountries and their territories on what measures to take and how to scale up and improve theirproductive development policies. These recommendations were grouped into 14 guidelines in theexecutive summary of the document. Drawing on these guidelines, the 113 recommendations contained inPanorama of ProductiveDevelopment Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2024are summarized below. Page referencesto the document are also included so that the reader can find the details and context in which eachrecommendation is presented. In general, the relevance and applicability of these recommendations willdepend on the specific conditions —not only in terms of the degree of sophistication of the productiveapparatus, but also of the institutional capabilities— of the countries and territories considering them. We hope that these recommendations will not only offer insights into how to scale up and enhanceproductive development policies but also elevate the conversation and foster a more in-depth andpractical discussion about the “whats” and “hows” behind these efforts in the region. I.Scale-up efforts relating to productive development policiesand their impacts, in line with the new vision proposed Recommendations for scaling up efforts 1.Scale-up the efforts that the countries and territories of the region are making in terms ofproductive development policies (p.137).2.Supplement national go