优化劳动力市场项目并加强交付系统以扩大影响和规模

SOCIAL PROTECTION DISCUSSION PAPER No. 2511|MARCH 2025 State of Social Protection Report2025The 2-Billion-Person ChallengeBackground Paper #4 Optimizing Labor Market Programsand Strengthening Delivery Systemsfor Impact and Scale Eliana CarranzaMatteo MorgandiDiana Sverdlin © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433Telephone: +1 (202) 473 1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do notnecessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shownon any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement oracceptance of such boundaries. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, inwhole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW,Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: +1 (202) 522 2625; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org. Abstract This paper examines the design and implementation of labor market (LM) programs toaddress employment challenges across diverse economic contexts. LM programs are criticalin enhancing employment opportunities, increasing productivity, and fostering resilienceamong workers. The analysis highlights gaps in program spending and its alignment with labormarket needs, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Using global data,the paper emphasizes the importance of tailored interventions, robust delivery systems, andstrategic investments to address structural constraints and adapt to crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper also includes a framework for aligning LM programs with labormarket realities to support inclusive and sustainable economic growth. Acknowledgement This paper was authored by Eliana Carranza, Matteo Morgandi, and Diana Sverdlin Lisker ofthe Labor and Skills Global Solutions Group (GSG), Social Protection and Labor (SPL) GlobalUnit, World Bank, with data analysis support from Alina Zoe Runk, Samira Salwan, as well asIngrid Mujica and Belén Fontanez from the ASPIRE team. It was prepared as part of theflagship report The State of Social Protection 2025: The 2-Billion-Person Challenge (WorldBank 2025). The Atlas of Social Protection: Indicators of Resilience and Equity (ASPIRE) servedas the primary data source. The authors are grateful to Joana Silva, Ruth Hill, and Harry Edmund Moroz for theirthoughtful peer review. They also acknowledge the administrative support of AgnesNderakindo Mganga and Angela Maria Rubio. This work was conducted under the supervision of Michal Rutkowski in its initial stages andlater under Iffath Sharif, both serving as Global Directors for Social Protection and Labor. Theteam also benefited from the strategic direction of Jamele Rigolini, Senior Advisor for SocialProtection and Labor, and Loli Arribas-Banos, Practice Manager for the Global EngagementUnit. Table of Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 5I. Labor Market Challenges and Barriers Differ across Countries According to Their Stage ofDevelopment and Structural Transformation ........................................................................................ 6II. Governments Have an Array of Policy Tools and Programs to Intervene in Labor markets............ 11III. Successful Labor Market Programs Are Context Specific but Can Adapt to a Changing EconomicLandscape............................................................................................................................................. 14IV. The Current State of Spending on Labor Market Programs Does Not Fully Address the ConstraintsFaced .................................................................................................................................................... 20V. Strong Systems Enable Rapid Responses during Times of Crisis, as Evidenced during the COVID-19Pandemic .............................................................................................................................................. 31VI. Labor Market Programs Going Forward.......................................................................................... 35References.............................................................................