碳相关工具核算的现实

Reality ofaccounting forcarbon-relatedinstruments. About ACCA. About the Adam SmithBusiness School. We are ACCA (the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants),a globally recognised professional accountancy body providingqualifications and advancing standards in accountancy worldwide. The University of Glasgow includes among its alumni, the father ofeconomics, Adam Smith. The Adam Smith Business School is namedin his honour. We aim to follow his legacy by developing enlightened,engagedandenterprisinggraduates,whoareinternationallyrecognised and make a positive impact on culture and society. Founded in 1904 to widen access to the accountancy profession,we’ve long championed inclusion and today proudly support a diversecommunity of over252,500members and526,000future membersin180countries. Our business is about creating inspiring leaders, researchers andprofessionals whose research and relations with industry have realimpact, influencing organisations as they develop and grow globally. Our forward-looking qualifications, continuous learning and insightsare respected and valued by employers in every sector. They equipindividualswiththebusinessandfinanceexpertiseandethicaljudgment to create, protect, and report the sustainable value deliveredby organisations and economies. The Adam Smith Business School has the triple crown of accreditationand are accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schoolsof Business (AACSB International), the European Quality ImprovementSystem (EQUIS) and the Association of MBAs (AMBA) for our GlasgowMBA programme. Guidedbyourpurposeandvalues,ourvisionistodeveloptheaccountancyprofessiontheworldneeds.Partneringwithpolicymakers,standardsetters,thedonorcommunity,educatorsand other accountancy bodies, we’re strengthening and building aprofession that drives a sustainable future for all. The School is home to research, of international and national excellence,that contributes to theoretical advancement and is relevant to practice. Find out more ataccaglobal.com Find out more about us atgla.ac.uk/schools/business/aboutus/ 4.4.2Significance of carbon-related instruments in financial statements284.4.3Disclosure of carbon taxes294.5Carbon-related instruments and climate change in auditors’ reports30 5.Implications, recommendations and conclusion33 2.1IASB’s attempts to assist in accounting for issues resulting from participation in carbon markets92.2Understanding various types of carbon-related instruments and their potential accounting treatment10 4.Findings and discussion14 4.1Participation in carbon markets144.2Voluntary carbon credits174.3Internal carbon pricing184.4Carbon-related instruments in financial statements204.4.1Accounting treatment of carbon-related instruments23 Background and objectives The importance and magnitude of mandatoryand voluntary carbon markets, where variouscarbon-related instruments (such as carbonallowances, carbon credits and carbon quotas)are traded or given at no cost, has beengrowing at an unprecedented pace. executivesummary. An increasing number of companies have participated(mandatorily or voluntarily) in carbon markets and usea variety of such instruments. Further, companies arefound to use diverse terms to refer to these carbon-related instruments, without always providing aclear definition of these terms or descriptions of theinstruments they use. The prices of some of theseinstruments have been increasing and could costmore in the future. Indicatively, in 2023 one metricton of carbon emissions in the European UnionEmissions Trading System (EU ETS) was priced at€83.66, which reflects an increase of more than 3.3times the 2020 prices. Although the importance of carbon-related instrumentsfor companies has grown as more companies areexpected to reduce their carbon emissions, theInternational Accounting Standards Board (IASB)does not provide any specific standard or guidanceto account for these instruments. In addition, IFRS S2‘Climate-related Disclosures’ requires companies todisclose information on the use of relevant instruments(ie carbon credits) and on how (if at all) they use carbon ■ Do companies disclose their participation in carbonmarkets (eg EU ETS)?■ Do companies disclose whether they purchase orcreate voluntary carbon credits?■ Do companies disclose whether they apply anyinternal carbon pricing mechanism? If so, do theyprovide disclosures on the actual pricing?■ How many companies refer to carbon-relatedinstruments in their financial statements?■ What terms do companies use to describe thecarbon-related instruments they use (eg carbonallowances, carbon credits, carbon rights)?■ How do companies account for their carbon-relatedinstruments? How do they recognise and measurethem? Are the amounts financially significant?■ Do companies disclose any carbon-tax regulation towhich they are subject, and explain the carbon-taxissues they face?■ Do auditors raise any issues relating to carbon-relatedinstruments (eg a ke