您的浏览器禁用了JavaScript(一种计算机语言,用以实现您与网页的交互),请解除该禁用,或者联系我们。 [建银国际证券]:忐忑之锚:美债长期收益率谁主浮沉? - 发现报告

忐忑之锚:美债长期收益率谁主浮沉?

2025-03-21 姜越,赵文利 建银国际证券 杨建江
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忐忑之锚:美债长期收益率谁主浮沉? 美国十年期国债收益率是全球资产定价的重要基准,被视为全球金融市场的核心指标之一。它不仅反映市场对未来经济增长、通胀水平和货币政策的预期,也直接影响资本流动、金融产品利率以及各类资产的估值。开年以来,美国十年期国债收益率呈现显著波动,先是受到通胀预期上升、美联储政策收紧及债务供需关系变化的推动快速攀升,随后因经济数据走弱、市场避险情绪增强,收益率有所回落。本文基于历史数据,结合美联储政策、市场环境及投资者行为,分析美债收益率的变化趋势及其背后的驱动因素,并展望未来可能的走势。 姜越(852) 3911 8243verajiang@ccbintl.com 从收益率构成来看,我们参考伯南克的区分方法,将美国长债收益率划分为三因素并进行了定量测算: 通胀预期部分反映市场对未来通胀水平的预期,受到美联储货币政策、财政赤字、全球供应链状况及经济增长信心等因素影响。期限溢价则是投资者因持有长期债券所要求的额外回报,受到市场风险偏好、债券供需、海外投资者需求以及美联储资产负债表政策的影响。短期实际利率主要受美联储政策利率、市场流动性状况及经济增长预期的影响。 赵文利(852) 3911 8279cliffzhao@ccbintl.com 对比历史数据,2013年美联储主席伯南克领导下的美联储采取量化宽松(QE)政策,美债收益率整体较低,主要因通胀预期稳定、期限溢价下降以及短期实际利率维持低位。彼时,美联储通过大规模资产购买(LSAP)压低长期利率,市场对美债的需求强劲,尤其是海外投资者的大量持仓使期限溢价进一步降低。整体来看,2013年的美国十年期国债大致稳定在2%左右。 然而,近年市场环境已发生重大变化,美联储采取加息与缩表等紧缩措施,但全球贸易政策不确定性上升、财政状况恶化以及美债市场流动性变化,使市场对未来收益率走势存在较大分歧,导致2025年美国十年期国债收益率维持在高位震荡(4%以上)。 细分来看,近期美国十年期国债收益率经历了先高后低的变化,具体而言,自2024年9月初始记录的3.6%水平起步,该收益率指标经历了一轮显著上扬,直至2025年1月初达到约4.8%的峰值,随后则呈现出反转态势,步入下行通道。截至2025年3月,十年期美债收益率已回落至大约4.2%的位置,反映出金融市场对货币政策信号的复杂反应,以及宏观经济环境下的多维度考量。 通胀预期:2025年初,由于关税政策升级、财政赤字扩大等因素,通胀预期上升。然而,进入2-3月后,经济数据趋弱,市场对经济增长前景的担忧加剧,通胀数据也有回落趋势。期限溢价:2025年1月,美联储缩表、外国投资者减少美债持仓以及债务上限问题,使期限溢价显著上升。但随着市场避险情绪增强,部分资金回流债市,投资者对美联储可能调整缩表节奏的预期升温,期限溢价在2-3月开始回落。短期实际利率:随着联储降息预期的不断调整,但整体稳定略降。 展望未来,美联储的政策路径仍充满不确定性。2025年3月FOMC会议点阵图显示,尽管整体倾向于全年降息两次,但官员意见分歧较大,部分官员倾向于降息一次或不降息,而另一部分官员认为可能需要三次降息。此外,当前核心PCE通胀预期仍较高,通胀粘性可能使降息节奏放缓;与此同时,美国经济增长预期下调,2025年GDP增速预估从2.1%降至1.7%,主要受到消费降温、企业投资下降及贸易政策不确定性影响。 此外,美联储决定自2025年4月起放缓量化紧缩(QT)进程,每月长期债券赎回上限由250亿美元降至50亿美元,以缓解市场流动性紧张,并降低长期债务供给压力。短期内,这一调整可能对美债市场构成支撑,但长期来看,美国财政可持续性仍存挑战。 在多重因素影响下,2025年美债收益率的未来走势仍存较大不确定性。基于当前经济数据与市场趋势,我们对年内美债收益率的情景假设和预测区间如下: 基准情景(40%概率,软着陆):经济温和放缓,通胀缓步回落,美联储按计划降息1-2次,十年期美债收益率预计维持在4.0%-4.5%之间。衰退情景(30%概率,经济衰退):经济增长显著下滑,通胀快速受控,美联储加快降息,收益率可能降至3.75%-4.0%。最坏情景(20%概率,滞胀情景)::通胀仍然较高,经济数据走弱,避险情绪高涨,联储将进退两难。收益率进入快速震荡区间。长期利率可能经历复杂走势:一方面增长停滞会压低短端利率和引发避险买盘;但另一方面,高通胀会抬升通胀溢价,使长期债券投资者要求更高收益率补偿。这种拉锯将使收益率“高位徘徊”成为大概率结果。悲观情景(10%概率,财政风险加剧):通胀反弹、赤字扩大、市场避险情绪下降,收益率可能升至4.5%-5.0%或以上。 CCBI Securities | Research Broken Rudder: What is steering the US 10-year Treasury yield? Yield on the 10-year US Treasury bond is a key benchmark for global asset pricing, reflectingmarket expectations for economic growth, inflation, and monetary policy while also influencingcapital flows, financial product rates, and asset valuations. In early 2025, the 10-year US Treasuryyieldfluctuated significantly,initially rising due to inflation expectations,Federal Reservetightening, and shifts in debt supply and demand, before declining as economic data weakenedand market risk aversion grew. This report examines yield trends, key drivers, and future prospectsbased on historical data, Federal Reserve policy, market conditions, and investor behavior. Vera Jiang(852) 3911 8243verajiang@ccbintl.com Following Federal Reserve Chairman Bernanke’s classification, the 10-year US Treasury yield is afunction of three components: Inflation expectations, influenced by Federal Reserve policy, fiscal deficits, supply chains,and economic confidence.Term premium, affected by market risk appetite, bond supply and demand, foreigninvestor participation, and Federal Reserve balance sheet policies.Real short-term interest rates, driven by Federal Reserve policy rates, market liquidity, andeconomic growth outlook. Cliff Zhao(852) 3911 8279cliffzhao@ccbintl.com In 2013, under Bernanke’s leadership, the Federal Reserve’s quantitative easing (QE) policy keptyields low, stabilized inflation expectations, reduced term premiums, and resulted in low short-term real rates. Strong foreign demand for 10-year US Treasury yield further suppressed yields,keeping them around 2%. By 2025, however, the Fed had shifted to tightening policies, including rate hikes and balancesheet reduction (QT). Rising trade uncertainty, fiscal deterioration, and market liquidity changesled to a high and volatile 10-year US Treasury yield that fluctuated above 4%. Breaking down recent trends, the 10-year US treasury yield was high at the beginning of 2025before it began to decline. To be precise, starting from an initial level of 3.6% in September 2024,the 10-year US Treasury yield shot up to a peak of 4.8% by early-January 2025 before reversingcourse. By March 2025, the yield on 10-year US Treasuries had retreated to roughly 4.2%, reflectingthe complex reactions of financial markets to monetary policy signals and fluid macroeconomicconditions. Inflation expectations:At the outset of 2025, inflation expectations rose due to factors suchas escalating tariff policies and an expanding fiscal deficit. However, entering Februaryand March, weaker economic data increased market concerns about the prospects foreconomic growth, with inflation figures also showing a downward trend. Term premium:In January 2025, the term premium saw a significant increase due to theFederal Reserve's balance sheet reduction, reduced holdings of US Treasuries by foreigninvestors, and debt ceiling issues. But as risk aversion in the market strengthened, s