The Pacific Atoll Countries Country Climate and Development Report

THE PACIFIC ATOLLCOUNTRIESPublic Disclosure Authorized Republic of Kiribati • Republic of the Marshall Islands • Tuvalu World Bank Group Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized 2024 © 2024 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank Group with external contributions. “The WorldBank Group” refers to the legally separate organizations of the International Bank for Reconstructionand Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International FinanceCorporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the contentincluded in this work, or the conclusions or judgments described herein, and accepts no responsibilityor liability for any omissions or errors (including, without limitation, typographical errors and technicalerrors) in the content whatsoever or for reliance thereon. The boundaries, colors, denominations, andother information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World BankGroup concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect theviews of the organizations of the World Bank Group, their respective Boards of Executive Directors, andthe governments they represent. The contents of this work are intended for general informational purposes only and are not intendedto constitute legal, securities, or investment advice, an opinion regarding the appropriateness of anyinvestment, or a solicitation of any type. Some of the organizations of the World Bank Group or theiraffiliates may have an investment in, provide other advice or services to, or otherwise have a financialinterest in, certain of the companies and parties named herein. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of theprivileges and immunities of any of the organizations of The World Bank Group, all of which are specif-ically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank Group encourages dissemi-nation of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposesas long as full attribution to this work is given and all further permissions that may be required for suchuse (as noted herein) are acquired. The World Bank Group does not warrant that the content containedin this work will not infringe on the rights of third parties, and accepts no responsibility or liability in thisregard. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The WorldBank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org. E A S T A SIA PACIFICTHE PACIFIC ATOLL COUNTRIES COUNTRYCLIMATE ANDDEVELOPMENTREPORT CONTENTS ClimateCommitments& Capacities Pacific Atolls& the ClimateChallenge Pathwaysto ClimateAdaptation Goals PrioritizedActions for aResilient Future Economics ofFunding ResilientDevelopmentPathways ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The report was authored by a core team (in alphabetical order) led by DavidGould (Lead Economist and Program Leader for Equitable Growth, Finance andInstitutions, Papua New Guinea and the Pacific Islands), David Kaczan (SeniorEconomist), and Sonya Woo (Program Leader for Sustainable Development,Papua New Guinea and the Pacific Islands). Additional core contributions wereprovided by Richard Croad (Senior Infrastructure Consultant) and ArtessaSaldivar-Sali (Senior Infrastructure Specialist). The CCDR includes analytical work undertaken by an extended technical team(in alphabetical order) comprising: Abel Bove (Senior Public Sector Specialist),Abidah Billah Setyowati (Senior Social Development Specialist), Alain Ouedrao-go (Senior Energy Specialist), Allan Oliver (Senior Agriculture Specialist), AndrewBlackman (Senior Economist), Anuja Kar (Senior Agriculture Economist), AshleyWan (Economist, IFC), Aude-Sophie Rodella (Lead Water Economist), BonnieSirois (Senior Financial Management Specialist), Christopher Miller (Senior Pri-vate Sector Specialist), Daniel Street (Senior Country Officer, IFC), Fiona Howell(Consultant), Gayatri Kanungo (Senior Environmental Specialist), Gordon JonPierre Brown (Young Professional), Hector Pollitt (Senior Economist), Hua Du(Consultant), Ian Cunningham (Consultant), Jan Willem Overbeek (Economistand Director, Overbeek Consultancy Services), Jian Vun (Senior Disaster RiskManagement Specialist), John Campbell (Consultant), Juliana Weingaertner(Public Sector Specialist), Kasia Mazur (Environmental Economist), KatsuyukiFukui (Senior Power Engineer), Kebede Feda (Senior Economist), KeisukeIyadomi (Senior Climate Change Specialist), Kirsty Anantharajah (Consultant),Margareta Norris Harrit (Senior Health Specia