2024绿氢电力系统的形态演进报告

The evolution of Green HydrogenPower Sysetm 林今博士清华大学电机系长聘副教授/博士生导师清华四川能源互联网研究院智慧氢能系统实验室主任2024年8月 绿氢过去式 01ThePast of Green Hydrogen 小标方时代TheSmallScaleEra 大标方时代TheLargeScaleEra 绿氢现在式 The Present of Green Hydrogen 次系统ThePrimarySystem 二次系统TheSecondarySystem 绿氢未来式 The Future of GreenHydrogen 离网型绿氢电力系统IsolatedGreenHydrogenPowerSystem 氢储能电力系统HydrogenEnergyStoragePowerSystem 耦合绿氢供应链的电力系统PowerSystemwithHydrogenSupplyChain 绿氢过去式：小标方时代ThePastofGreenHydrogen:TheSmall ScaleEra 电制氢小规模应用：大型发电机的冷却介质 Small-scaleapplicationofhydrogenproductionfromelectricity:coolingmediumforlargegenerators AnnualpowerconsumptionofdatacentersinChina:270TWh(2022)→>400TWh(2030) Schematicdiagramofcoolingstructureofwater-hydrogen-cooledgenerator 绿氢过去式：小标方时代The Past of Green Hydrogen: The Small Scale Era 变换器由制氢厂自备，多采用380V晶闸管整流系统供电，无需动态运行能力，系统效率低 Theconverterisprovidedbytheplantand ismostlypoweredbya38oVthyristorrectifier,whichdoesnot requiredynamicoperationcapabilityandhaslowsystem efficiency Theoutputvoltageof5Nm3/helectrolysissystemislow,sotheproportionofvoltagelossishigh 绿氢过去式：大标方时代ThePastof GreenHydrogen:TheLargeScale Era 电制氢较大规模应用：基于改良西门子法的多晶硅生产 Largescaleapplicationofhydrogenproductionbyelectrolysis:polycrystallinesiliconproductionbasedonmodifiedsiemensprocess 使用氢气在高温下将纯化的SiCI还原成高纯度的多晶硅UsinghydrogengastoreducepurifiedSiCl,tohigh-puritypolycrystallinesiliconathightemperature 绿氢过去式：大标方时代The Past of Green Hydrogen: The Large Scale Era 10kV电压等级供电，多采用晶闸管多脉波（12/24/48）整流电源 10kVpowersupplymostlyusingthyristormulti-pulse（12/24/48)rectifier 百标方-干标方/h电制氢系统（兆瓦级）MW-scalepowertohgdrogensystem 晶闸管多脉波整流器，提高交流和直流侧电能质量Thyristormulti-pulserectifierimprovespowerqualityonbothACandDCsides 绿氢过去式：大标方时代The Past of Green Hydrogen: The Large Scale Era 大规模制氢电源效率和电能质量提高，全系统效率提高，电源生产开始走向专业化 Theefficiencyandpowerqualityof large-scalepowersupplieshavebeen improved,leadingtoanoverall increaseinsystemefficiency.Powersupplyproductionisgraduallybecomingmorespecialized 500标方/h电解系统输出电压高，电压损耗占比低Theoutputvoltageof5o0Nm3/helectrolysissystemishigh,sotheproportionofvoltagelossislow 绿氢过去式：大标方时代ThePastof GreenHydrogen:The LargeScaleEra 多台并列运行的大标方电制氢系统 Multipleunitsof largescalehydrogenproductionsystemrunninginparallel 系统多依据峰谷电分时段运行 Thesystemismostlyoperatedaccordingtothepeakandvalleyelectricitytimeperiods 大标方电制氢系统拓扑：一拖四Onetransformer withfour electrolyzers 绿氢现在式：一次系统ThePresentof GreenHydrogen:The Primary System 依托风光大基地，风光制氢一体化示范项目获批建设 Relyingonthewind and solarpowerbase,the integrateddemonstrationproject ofwindand solarhydrogenproductionhasbeenapprovedforconstruction 内蒙古自治区风光制氢一体化示范项目实施细则（2022年版） 施一体化各家，手范项销作内整体线受电网统一训座，统一经营。规一安即。 第十二条并网型示范项目可向电网送电，年上网电量不起过年总发电量的20%，上网部分占用型市保障性消纳空间，原则上不从电网购电，上网电费按照自治区电力市场相关要求执行。 Sinopecxinjiangkuchegreenhydrogendemonstrationproject 内蒙古自治区风光制氢一体化政策 IntegratedpolicyofwindsolarhydrogenproductioninInnerMongoliaAutonomousRegion 绿氢现在式：一次系统 The Present of GreenHydrogen:The Primary System 风光氢一体化系统中，风光外线与电网双线接入、双主变互为备用 绿氢现在式：一次系统The Present of Green Hydrogen:The Primary System 宽范围、高效率的基于IGBT的制氢电源更适用于波动制氢场景 Widerangeandhigh-efficiencyIGBTbasedpowersupplyismoresuitableforfluctuatingoperationscenarios 绿氢现在式：一次系统ThePresentofGreenHydrogen:ThePrimarySystem 基于IGBT的制氢电源低负载运行时纹波低，有利于提升制氢效率和气体纯度 IGBTbasedpowersupplyhaslowDCrippleduringlowloadoperation,whichisbeneficialforoperatingathighcurrentefficiencyregionandimprovegaspurity 基于IGBT的整流器低负载纹波远小于晶管整流器ThepartialloadrippleofIGBTbasedrectifiersismuchsmallerthanthatofthyristorrectifiers ThesmallercurrentrippleinthelowloadregionmakesIGBTbasedrectifiersmoreefficientinhydrogenproduction 绿氢现在式：二次系统The Present of Green Hydrogen:The Secondary System 绿氢电力系统涉及的上下游边界复杂 Theupstreamanddownstreamboundariesinvolvedinthegreenhydrogenpowersystemarecomplex 绿氢现在式：二次系统ThePresentof GreenHydrogen:TheSecondarySystem 制氢负荷低负载运行时段多，力调费多，机组启停计划需决策优化 Therearemultipleperiodsoflowloadoperation,andtheunitstartup/shutdownplanneedstobeoptimized Feasibleregionofthesystemunderpowerqualityconstraints 绿氢将来式：离网型绿氢电力系统清华大学The Future of Green Hydrogen:Isolated Green Hydrogen PowerSystemrity 10kV与380V动力电源全离网，需配置燃料电池和锂电池储能系统 10kVand38oVpowersourcesarefullyoffgridandrequirefuel cell andbatteryenergystoragesystems 负荷优先利用一次电（风光）、其次是二次电（锂电池）、最后是三次电（氢电） Theloadfirstusesprimaryelectricity(windandsolar),followedbysecondaryelectricity(batteries),andfinallytertiaryelectricity (hydrogenelectricity) 绿氢将来式：离网型绿氢电力系统TheFutureof Green Hydrogen:IsolatedGreenHydrogenPowerSystemrity 不同的一次电（风光）的结构，二次电（电化学储能）与三次电（氢储能）的配比不同 Theratioofprimarypower(windandsolar),secondarypower(electrochemicalstorage),andtertiarypower(hydrogenstorage)variesdependingonthestructure 风电利用小时数高，一次电直供比例大，二次电和三次电分别承担短时和长时调节，容量上表现为“大氢小电” 光伏利用小时数低，一次电直供比例小，需要频繁的充放电，该场景下二次电优于三次电，容量上表现为“小氢大电” Solarpowerhaslowfulloadhours,resulting inasmall proportionofdirectsupplyfromlarge electricity"capacity structure. The Futureof Green Hydrogen:Hydrogen Energy Storage PowerSystemy 动力电源的离网可以进一步扩大到更大型的电力系统，例如数据中心，负荷基本是平的；随着减碳要求的遂渐深入，深度减碳场景下需要四次电（氨储能