长时储能：示范项目总结

SI: EPRI InsightLong-Duration Energy Storage:Emerging Pilot ProjectSummaries Introduction Purpose: This report summarizes recent pilot projects of Long-Duration Energy Storage (LDES) technologies, specifically technologies developedbyCMBlu,Energy Dome,Storworks Power (Storworks), andRedoxBlox.1It aims to provide highlights on the technological processes,performance and cost metrics, and potential viability as demonstrated through field work of these emerging energy storage solutions.By examining these pilot projects, the report provides insights into understanding how these technologies function and how they mayfit into perspective portfolios to enhance grid stability and variable renewable energy utilization. Please note that the projections andevaluations within this report are primarily based on forward-looking statements from the manufacturers of the LDES technologies andhave not been independently verified by EPRI, except where explicitly stated. Relevance: Insights from these energy storage pilot projects offer high-level qualitative and quantitative information for utilities. These insightsinclude summaries of performance and cost data, which are important for evaluating LDES systems.2, 3Additionally, the report highlightsactivities and findings from the pilot testing, providing a better understanding of the status and maturity of these technologies and theiruse cases. By understanding the performance, costs, and maturity of these pilot projects, utilities can make more informed decisionsabout the potential benefits of LDES technologies for their energy portfolio.4More details on these and other energy storagetechnologies can be obtained through participation in EPRI's Program 94 “Energy Storage and Distributed Generation” and Program 221“Bulk Energy Storage.” Emerging LDES Technologies Overview Electrochemical:Uses reversible chemical reactions to generate electricity, with lithium ion batteries being the principal technology.New electrochemical batteries represent a promising frontier in long-duration energy storage. These technologies use low-cost rawmaterials such as zinc and iron in the active materials that store energy. These batteries are scalable, with projected low marginalcost of energy, making them suitable for applications required sustained energy delivery, such as renewable integration and backuppower. Mechanical:Harnesses kinetic or potential energy to store and release energy. Potential energy systems, such as pumped hydrostorage, use gravity and involve lifting mass when charging and lowering it to spin a generator to create power when discharging.Kinetic energy systems, such as compressed air energy storage (CAES), generally compress a working fluid when charging, storing itat pressure, then expanding it to drive a turbine when discharging. A wide array of emerging mechanical energy storage systems arebeing developed, which promise lower cost and higher round-trip efficiency (RTE), along with easier siting. Thermal:Stores and releases energy in the form of heat. Heat can either be stored sensibly using media such as concrete, gravel,sand, or salt or using a phase-change material, which provides additional heat from phase transitions. When charging, the medium iseither heated by a hot fluid or electrically, and when discharging, a working fluid is heated to either drive a power cycle, or toprovide heat directly to a process. Thermal energy storage (TES) has the potential to be the lowest cost LDES system, balanced bylower efficiencies. Chemical:Involves creating a low-carbon fuel or performing a reversible thermochemical reaction that can generate heat. Hydrogenis the primary low-carbon fuel candidate and can be generated using electrolysis, or chemically through reforming a fossil fuel,coupled with carbon capture and storage. Other candidate low-carbon fuels include ammonia and bio-fuels. Once created, thesefuels can be stored for up to seasonal periods and burned in conventional power generators. Thermochemical systems use acompound that combined with air or water generates heat to drive a power cycle, that is then reformed to repeat the process.14160694 CMBlu (Electrochemical) CMBlu's Organic SolidFlow battery is a redox (reduction-oxidation) flowbattery (RFB) containing electrolytes in the solid and liquid form.Nearly all the energy is stored in a carbon-based solid. The liquidelectrolyte acts as a shuttle, moving charged ions between positive andnegative sides through the battery stack to charge and discharge.Theseparate tanks and stacks make it possible to scale power and capacityindependently. Figure 1. Schematic of the Organic SolidFlow Battery Figure 1 shows the operation of CMBlu's SolidFlow battery. Twoexternal tanks containing different electrolytes, one positivelycharged, and one negatively charged, are connected to the stackvia pumps that deliver the electrolytes to the power module.They are prevented from mixing by a thin membrane and pass-over porous el