人与塑料：非正规废物处理工人在解决海洋塑料污染方面的概况、脆弱性和作用

The profile, vulnerabilities, and role of informal wasteworkers in addressing marine plastics pollution Synthesis report from country studiesin Indonesia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam People and Plastics The profile, vulnerabilities, and role of informal wasteworkers in addressing marine plastics pollution Synthesis report from country studiesin Indonesia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam June 2023 © 2023 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet:www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and con-clusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directorsof The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guaranteethe accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, andother information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part ofThe World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or accep-tance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dis-semination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncom-mercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows:“World Bank. 2023. People and Plastics: TheProfile, Vulnerabilities, and Role of Informal Waste Workers in Addressing Marine Plastics Pol-lution. © World Bank.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to WorldBank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA;fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org. Table of Contents Acknowledgments9Executive Summary11Case Studies12Profile of IWWs in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Key Risks and Vulnerabilities of IWWs: Health, Access to Services, Income Security, Indebtedness16Entrepreneurship and Livelihood Models Engaging IWWs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Conclusions and Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Regional Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23Country-Specific Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24Project- and Investment-Specific Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25Abbreviations26Introduction27Marine Plastic Waste in the ASEAN Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30Regional Cooperation on Marine Plastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32The Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Viet Nam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Methodology39Profile and Vulnerabilities of Informal Waste Sector Workers43Profiles of IWWs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43Demographic Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45Migration Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46Living Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47Working Arrangements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48Income and Access to Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51Vulnerabilities and Risks Faced by IWWs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53Health Risks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55Specific Vulnerabilities Faced by Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .