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环球市场:归乡还是出走?NISA改革能让日本家庭重新投资日股吗?

2024-03-07-建银国际嗯***
环球市场:归乡还是出走?NISA改革能让日本家庭重新投资日股吗?

本报告由建银国际证券有限公司撰写,分析师证明及其他重要声明请见报告最后一页 1 建银国际证券|研究部 环球市场 归乡还是出走?新NISA改革能让日本家庭重新投资日股吗? 到2024年,日本市场的涨势依然如火如荼,继2023年上涨28%之后,2024年又上涨并突破39,000点,使该指数回到了1989年38,195点的鼎盛时期。2024年1月生效的新NISA计划(即日本个人储蓄账户)在市场上引起了热议。市场认为这项日本政府面向个人的免税股票投资计划预计将导致大量资金流入日本股市,将是股市下一轮新高的催化剂。不过,我们认为,迄今为止日本股市的资金流入主要来自外国投资,而非日本本土投资者。日本本土个人投资者并未参与此次股市上涨。在本报告中,我们将解释为什么会出现这种情况,以及讨论新的NISA能否改变这种趋势。 仔细研究一下日本的交易数据,我们会发现日本经纪商交易情况出现了类似围城的奇特景象:虽然外国投资者蜂拥至日本股市,本土公司也在回购股票,但同时,2023年日本的散户投资者似乎在逃离国内股票市场。 我们认为,这是因为日本股票市场仍然存在“失去的十年”留下的旧日伤痕。  1989年12月,日经225指数达到38,915点的峰值,此后,从1989年12月到1990年9月,日经225指数下跌了46%。泡沫破灭后,日本股市花了35年时间才从表现不佳恢复到1989年的顶峰。在所谓的“失去的十年”及其后的岁月里,尽管日本采取了一系列非正统的货币政策,但还是经历了多年通货紧缩的痛苦历程。  从20世纪80年代到21世纪20年代,外国投资者在日本股市中所占的份额从5%增至30%,而日本本土个人投资者所占的份额则从30%左右降至20%以下。  在股市泡沫破灭和多年经济通货紧缩之后,日本家庭越来越倾向于储蓄而非投资。到2022年底,以证券形式持有的家庭金融资产不到20%,而以现金和存款形式持有的家庭金融资产约占50%。  由于日本是一个开放的市场,多年来一直实行超宽松的货币政策,日元不断走弱,日本散户投资者是外汇和外国证券的活跃交易者,有能力也有偏好将投资配置到全球市场:个人投资者的投资情况表明,在过去10年中,外国证券仍然是最受欢迎的投资之一,日本个人投资者在过去10年中的大多数年份都增加了对外国证券的配置。过去几十年来,日本散户投资者在外汇市场上声名鹊起,主要是通过抛售低收益的日元以寻求其他货币的高收益。 总之,20世纪80年代后日本泡沫经济破灭造成了创伤,导致国内个人投资者更倾向于储蓄,并积累了更多的海外投资经验。 NISA 能否治愈创伤,让日本散户投资者重返本地股市? 尽管我们认为NISA改革可能会改善市场情绪,但对于 NISA 改革将导致日本散户投资者将在数月内大量投资日本股市的观点,我们持谨慎态度。我们认为短期内NISA改革对日本散户投资者配置日股影响有限。 一方面,日本散户投资者对日股的偏好并不强烈。日本有一群独特的散户投资者,他们多年来饱受通货紧缩和低利率之苦。另一方面,我们认为只要日元对美元贬值,国内散户投资者就会发现海外证券投资更具吸引力。 我们还从 NISA 和日本散户投资者的行为中看到以下政策启示:  多层次的养老制度可以解决目前围绕养老金制度可持续性的争议。由于当前养老金制度的可持续性存在潜在和持续的争议,主要经济体都在寻求解决方案。NISA是一项为退休提供额外支持的计划。建议居民将投资用于自己的退休生活,如果该类制度设计得当,可在国家或企业养老金制度外,为退休人员提供额外资金。  投资者教育是一个关键而漫长的过程,鼓励投资行为仍是一项挑战。例如,日本NISA的认知度花了10年时间才达到70%以上,但参与率仍然相对较低。 应避免资产价格在长时间内持续下行,对于家庭投资者来说,一旦信心动摇,就很难将储蓄转向投资。对于中国而言,除了将金融市场作为企业的融资工具外,还需要看到金融市场作为家庭的投资渠道的重要性。 姜越 (852) 3911 8243 verajiang@ccbintl.com 赵文利 (852) 3911 8279 cliffzhao@ccbintl.com 本报告是建银国际证券策略团队日本系列研究的一部分,关于更多日本“失去的十年”及对中国的政策启示请见我们此前发布的专题研究 前车之鉴:日本经济“失去的十年”对中国的启示 建银国际证券 2 CCBI Securities | Research Global Market Homecoming or exodus? Can NISA lure Japanese retail investors back to the local equity market? By 2024, the Japanese market rally was still in full swing. Following a 28% gain in 2023, it rose to brake 39,000 points in 2024, returning the index to its heyday of 38,195 points in 1989. The new NISA program, short for Nippon Individual Savings Account, which went online in January 2024, has generated excitement in the market. This Japanese government tax-free stock investment program for individuals is expected to attract large inflows of money into the Japanese equity market, pushing it to new highs. However, we attribute the inflows into the Japanese equity market so far to foreign investment rather than domestic investors. Domestic individual investors are not participating in this stock rally. In this report, we explain why we think this is the case and whether the new NISA has the potential to alter this trend. A closer look at trading data from Japan reveals a somewhat bizarre picture of Japanese broker trading: foreign investors have been flocking to Japanese equities and domestic companies have been buying back shares. While this has been happening, Japan's own retail investors appear to be fleeing the domestic equity market. We put this down to lingering trauma from the lost decade.  The Nikkei 225 peaked at 38,915 in Dec 1989, after which it fell -46% from Dec 1989 to Sep 1990 and underperformed the rest of the world for years. In 2024, after 35 years, the Japanese stock market finally recovered to a level above 39,000 in 2024, above its peak in 1989. The so-called "lost decade(s)" and the years thereafter included a series of unorthodox monetary policies. Japan took a painful path through years of deflation.  From the 1980s to the 2020s, the share of foreign investors in the Japanese stock market increased from 5% to 30%, while the share represented by domestic individuals fell from around 30% to less than 20%.  Following the bursting of the stock market bubble and years of economic deflation, Japanese households' preference for saving over investment is growing. By the end of 2022, less than 20% of household financial assets were held in the form of securities, while around 50% of household financial assets were held in the form of cash and deposits.  Through decades of ultra-loose monetary policy and a weakening yen, Japanese retail investors became active traders in foreign exchange and securities. Japan’s open market meant that domestic investors had the wherewithal to act on a preference for allocating their investments to global markets. Investments by individual investors reveal that foreign securities remained one of the most popular investments over the past 10 years. Japanese individual investors have increased their allocations to foreign securities in most years over the past decade. Japanese retail investors have made a name for themselves in the currency markets over the past few decades, mainly by selling low-yielding yen in search of higher yields in other currenc