能源转型的地缘政治：关键材料

© IRENA 2023 Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printedand/or stored, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and copyrightholder. Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of useand restrictions, and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before anyuse of such material. ISBN:978-92-9260-539-1 CITATION:IRENA (2023),Geopolitics of the energy transition: Critical materials,International RenewableEnergy Agency, Abu Dhabi.For further information or to provide feedback: publications@irena.orgThis report is available for download:www.irena.org/publications ABOUT IRENA TheInternational Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA)is an intergovernmental organisation thatsupports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future. It serves as the principal platform forinternational co-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource andfinancial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainableuse of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar andwind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carboneconomic growth and prosperity.www.irena.org This publication was supported by voluntary contributions from the Governments of the Netherlands andNorway. DISCLAIMER This publication and the material herein are provided “as is”. All reasonable precautions have been takenby IRENA to verify the reliability of the material in this publication. However, neither IRENA nor any ofits officials, agents, data or other third-party content providers provides a warranty of any kind, eitherexpressed or implied, and they accept no responsibility or liability for any consequence of use of thepublication or material herein. The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of all Members of IRENA. Themention of specific companies or certain projects or products does not imply that they are endorsed orrecommended by IRENA in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The designationsemployed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the partof IRENA concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, orconcerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries. All photos of minerals and metals without own credit are used under licence from Shutterstock. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was authored under the supervision and guidance of Elizabeth Press (Director, IRENA Planningand Programme Support) by Thijs Van de Graaf (IRENA consultant and lead author), Martina Lyons, IsaacElizondo Garcia, Ellipse Rath (IRENA) and Benjamin Gibson (ex-IRENA). The authors are grateful for the reviews, inputs and support provided by IRENA colleagues Roland Roesch,Rabia Ferroukhi, Anastasia Kefalidou, Claire Kiss (ex-IRENA), Deepti Siddhanti, Divyam Nagpal, Francis Field,Francisco Boshell, Griffin Thompson (IRENA consultant), Kathleen Daniel, Kelly Rigg (IRENA consultant),Michael Renner, Mirjam Reiner, Paul Komor, Sophie Sauerteig (ex-IRENA), Stephanie Clarke, Ute Collier andZhaoyu ‘Lewis’ Wu. Other valuable inputs were provided by Sara Geeraerts (IMEP); André Månberger, Dastan Bekmuratov,Gavkharkhon Mamadzhanova, Ida Dokk Smith, Indra Overland, Julia Loginova, Mari Tønnessen, PhilipSwanson, Roman Vakulchuk and Tatjana Stankovic (NUPI). Peer review was provided by Henry Sanderson (Benchmark Mineral Intelligence); Jan Morrill, Paulina Personius,Payal Sampat and Vuyisile Ncube (Earthworks); Sebastian Sahla (EITI); Yana Popkostova (European Centrefor Energy and Geopolitical Analysis); Irina Patrahau (HCSS); Karsten Sach (IRENA consultant); PatríciaAlves Dias and Vangelis Tzimas (JRC); Hans Olav Ibrekk and Jonas Volden Weltan (MFA, Norway); Jean-Philippe Bernier and Jeffrey Akomah (Natural Resources Canada); David Manley (NRGI); Clarisse Legendre,Louis Marechal, Luca Maiotti and Przemyslaw Kowalski (OECD); Jim Krane (Rice University's Baker Institute);Kathryn Sturman (Sustainable Minerals Institute); Leonardo Buizza (SYSTEMIQ Ltd, ETC); Ligia Noronhaand Maria Jose Baptista (UNEP); Matthew David Wittenstein (UN ESCAP); Virginie Nachbaur (Universityof Rouen Normandy); Aaron NG, Anna Wendt, Dennis Mesina and, Salim Bhabhrawala (US Department ofEnergy); and Dolf Gielen (World Bank). IRENA is grateful to the following national representatives for their responses to the survey: Nirod ChandraMondal (Bangladesh); Robbie Frank (Canada); Moussa Ousman (Central African Republic); Jarkko Vesa(Finland); Nicolas Leconte (France); Stefano Raimondi (Italy); Brian Richardson (Jamaica); Paul Mbuthi(Kenya); Harold Madriz (Nicaragua); Rosilena Lindo (Panama); Marco Antonio Santiváñez Pimentel (