Greening Development in the People’s Republic of China: A Dynamic Partnership with the Asian Development Bank

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKGREENING DEVELOPMENT IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINAA DYNAMIC PARTNERSHIP WITH THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKOCTOBER 2021 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKGREENING DEVELOPMENT IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINAA DYNAMIC PARTNERSHIP WITH THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKOCTOBER 2021 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)© 2021 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444www.adb.orgSome rights reserved. Published in 2021. ISBN 978-92-9269-034-2 (print); 978-92-9269-035-9 (electronic); 978-92-9269-036-6 (ebook)Publication Stock No. TCS210335-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS210335-2The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess.This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material.Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo.Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda.Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars. ADB recognizes “China” as the People’s Republic of China.On the cover: The PRC invests in bus rapid transport systems, wind power, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable water resources management to promote green development (photos by ADB, Arthur Hanson, and the Zhaotong Yudong Reservoir Management Bureau).Cover design by Edith Creus. Tables, Figures, and Boxes ivForeword vAcknowledgments viiAbbreviations viiiExecutive Summary ixIntroduction 1Laying the Foundations 3Enhancing Environmental Protection and Ecological Conservation 8Transforming the Rural Economy 14Developing Green Livable Cities 20Investing in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation 25Taking the Partnership Forward 32Appendix 38References 46CONTENTS CHAPTER #Tables A1 Asian Development Bank Sovereign Loan Approvals Supporting Green Development 38 in the People’s Republic of China, 2011–2020 A2 Asian Development Bank Loans and Technical Assistance on the Yangtze River 42 Economic Belt Program, 2015–2023 A3 Asian Development Bank Nonsovereign Loan Approvals Supporting 43 Green Development in the People’s Republic of China, 2013–2020 A4 Asian Development Bank Multisector Support Program for Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei 44 Air Quality Improvement, 2015–2020 Figures 2.1 Operational Shift toward Green Support, 1991–2020 52.2 Asian Development Bank Approvals Supporting Green Development 6 in the People’s Republic of China by Year, 2011-2020 2.3 Asian Development Bank Approvals Supporting Green Development 6 in the People’s Republic of China by Theme, 2011–2020 3.1 The Asian Development Bank’s Yangtze River Economic Belt Framework Approach 124.1 Four Core Areas for the People’s Republic of China and the Asian Development Bank’s 16 Rural Vitalization Partnership 6.1 Asian Development Bank-Financed Loans on Air Quality Improvement 27 in the Greater Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, 2015–2020 7.1 High-Quality Green Development in the Yellow River Ecological Corridor 33A1 Asian Development Bank Approvals