SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SOLUTIONS：Low-Carbon Buses in the People’s Republic of China

Sustainable Transport SolutionsLow Carbon Buses in the People’s Republic of ChinaThis publication discusses the real-world performance data of low-carbon buses in the People’s Republic of China It also reviews the environmental and fi nancial impacts as well as the policies used to promote them The People’s Republic of China has taken the lead in the deployment of low-carbon buses and is moving toward full electrifi cation to address climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions Data and information in this publication can benefi t countries interested in promoting low-carbon buses to design appropriate support climate change policiesAbout The Global Environment FacilityThe Global Environment Facility (GEF) brings together  countries the private sector civil society organizations (CSOs) and international institutions to address the growing global environmental problem Since its creation in  the GEF has worked on the protection of the global environment and promoted environmentally sustainable developmentAbout the Asian Development BankADB is committed to achieving a prosperous inclusive resilient and sustainable Asia and the Pacifi cwhile sustaining its e orts to eradicate extreme poverty Established in  it is owned by  members— from the region Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogueloans equity investments guarantees grants and technical assistanceASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City1550 Metro Manila, Philippineswww.adb.orgSUSTAINABLETRANSPORT SOLUTIONSLow-Carbon Buses in the People’s Republic of ChinaNOVEMBER  SUSTAINABLETRANSPORT SOLUTIONSLow-Carbon Buses in the People’s Republic of ChinaNOVEMBER 2018 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)© 2018 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444www.adb.orgSome rights reserved. Published in 2018.ISBN 978-92-9261-414-0 (print), 978-92-9261-415-7 (electronic)Publication Stock No. TCS189646-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS189646-2The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess.This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material.Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo.Notes:In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars.ADB recognizes “China” as the People’s Republic of China.Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda.Cover design by Jasper Lauzon. iiiContentsTables and Figures ivForeword vAcknowledgments viCurrency Equivalents viiAbbreviations viiWeights and Measures viiiExecutive Summary ixI Introduction 1II Low-Carbon Bus Technologies 3 A. Overview 3 B. Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid Buses 4 C. Full Electric Buses 5III Environmental Performance of Low-Carbon Buses 16 A. Introduction 16 B. Energy Usage of Low-Carbon Buses 17 C. Global Warming Impact of L