技术、创新和企业竞争力：柬埔寨企业层面分析（英）

ADBI Working Paper Series TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION, AND FIRM COMPETITIVENESS: FIRM LEVEL ANALYSIS IN CAMBODIA Vutha Hing, Shandre Thangavelu, and Ratha Kong No. 1353 January 2023 Asian Development Bank Institute The Working Paper series is a continuation of the formerly named Discussion Paper series; the numbering of the papers continued without interruption or change. ADBI’s working papers reflect initial ideas on a topic and are posted online for discussion. Some working papers may develop into other forms of publication. The Asian Development Bank refers to “China” as the People’s Republic of China and to “Vietnam” as Viet Nam. Suggested citation: Hing, V., S. Thangavelu, and R. Kong. 2023. Technology, Innovation, and Firm Competitiveness: Firm Level Analysis in Cambodia. ADBI Working Paper 1353. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Available: https://doi.org/10.56506/BIWS9085 Please contact the authors for information about this paper. Email: shandre.thangavelu@adelaide.edu.au Vutha Hing is a PhD candidate at the Institute for International Trade, University of Adelaide. Shandre Thangavelu is a professor at the Jeffrey Cheah Institute for Southeast Asia, Sunway University and a professor at the Institute for International Trade, University of Adelaide. Ratha Kong is a PhD student at the Institute for International Trade, University of Adelaide. The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of ADBI, ADB, its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms. Discussion papers are subject to formal revision and correction before they are finalized and considered published. Asian Development Bank Institute Kasumigaseki Building, 8th Floor 3-2-5 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100-6008, Japan Tel: +81-3-3593-5500 Fax: +81-3-3593-5571 URL: www.adbi.org E-mail: info@adbi.org © 2023 Asian Development Bank Institute ADBI Working Paper 1353 V. Hing et al. Abstract The paper examines the innovation and competitiveness of firms, especially with regard to the channels of technology transfer and the nature of innovation activities that influence firm performance in the Cambodian economy. Despite the growing importance of innovation, there has been no empirical analysis of the factors affecting technological and innovative development and the impact that these factors have on firms’ productivity in Cambodia. We use the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) for Cambodian enterprises for our empirical implementation. The results of the research indicate that overseas linkages that include both upstream and downstream activities could affect productivity growth at both firm and industry levels. We also find that technology and innovation have a positive impact on the productivity of firms in Cambodia. Keywords: technology, innovation, productivity, human capital, export and import JEL Classification: D240 ADBI Working Paper 1353 V. Hing et al. Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 3 3. OVERVIEW OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND INNOVATION (STI) IN CAMBODIA ........................................................................................................... 5 3.1 National STI Policy ......................................................................................... 5 3.2 Innovation and Technology at the Firm Level ................................................. 6 4. EMPIRICAL STRATEGY AND DATA SOURCE ........................................................ 7 4.1 Empirical Strategy .......................................................................................... 7 4.2 Data Sources ................................................................................................. 9 4.3 Estimation Method ....................................................................................... 10 5. EMPIRICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................................................. 10 5.1 Baseline Results .......................................................................................... 10 5.2 Differentiating the Impact of Technology and Innovation .............................. 13 5.3 Alternative Measure of Productivity .............................................................. 14 5.4 Addressing Endogeneity Problems .............................................................. 15 6. CO