THE SOCIAL PROTECTION INDICATOR FOR ASIATRACKING DEVELOPMENTS IN SOCIAL PROTECTIONDECEMBER 2022ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK THE SOCIAL PROTECTION INDICATOR FOR ASIATRACKING DEVELOPMENTS IN SOCIAL PROTECTIONDECEMBER 2022ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)© 2022 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444www.adb.orgSome rights reserved. Published in 2022. ISBN 978-92-9269-927-7 (print); 978-92-9269-928-4 (electronic); 978-92-9269-929-1 (ebook)Publication Stock No. SGP220562-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/SGP220562-2The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess.This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material.Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo.Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda.Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars.ADB recognizes “China” as the People’s Republic of China; “Korea” and “South Korea” as the Republic of Korea; “Kyrgyzstan” as the Kyrgyz Republic; and “Vietnam” as Viet Nam.Cover design by Sajid Chowdhury. ContentsTables, Figures, and Boxes vForeword viiiAcknowledgments xAbbreviations xiiExecutive Summary xiiiI. Overview and Methodology 1Methodology 1Categories of Social Protection 3Structure of the Report 4 II. Social Protection Results for Asia, 2018 5Social Protection Expenditures 5Social Protection by Category and by Program 10III. Trends in the Social Protection Indicator, 2009-2018 25Progress in the Social Protection Indicator, 2009-2018 25Progress in the Social Protection Indicator by Income Group, 2009-2018 27 Progress in Social Protection Indicator by Category, 2009-2018 32IV. Depth of Benefits and Breadth of Coverage of Social Protection 34Depth and Breadth of Social Protection in 2018 34 Trends in Depth and Breadth, 2009-2018 41V. Poverty, Gender, and Disability Dimensions 47Distribution of Expenditure between the Poor and Nonpoor 47 Trends in Social Protection Indicator by Poverty, 2009-2018 50 Gender Gaps in Access to Social Protection in Asia 52 Trends in Social Protection Indicator by Gender, 2009-2018 58 Social Protection Expenditure for People with Disabilities 60 Trends in Social Protection Expenditure by Disability, 2009-2018 63 ivContentsVI. Social Protection and COVID-19 in Asia 67The COVID-19 Crisis in Asia 67The Social Protection Response to COVID-19 69Estimates of COVID-19-Related Social Protection Expenditures 72Innovations Supporting Social Protection Expansion 74Emerging Evidence of the Impact of Social Protection Measures 78New Realities for Social Protection Systems 82Policy Lessons 85VII. Social Protection Data and Statistics in Asia and the Pacific 89Importance of Data in Monitoring Progress in Social Protection 89Overview of Data Availability 91The Way Forward: Improving Data Production and Compilation in the Region 99VIII. Addressing Disability through Social Protection in Asia 104Introduction 104 Challenges in Disability-Inclusive Social Protection 105 Developing Social Protection for People with Disabilities 108 Social Protection Indicator Measures for People with Disabilities 111 2018 Social Protection Indicator Results 119Impact of COVID-19 on Disability