EUISS YEARBOOK OF EUROPEAN SECURITY2022byDaniel Fiott and Linnéa Cullman European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS)100, avenue de Suffren 75015 Paris http://www.iss.europa.eu Director: Gustav Lindstrom© EU Institute for Security Studies, 2022. Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated.The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.printISBN 978-92-9462-140-5 CATALOGUE NUMBER Q N-A J-22-001-E N-C DOI 10.2815/844671onlineISBN 978-92-9462-141-2 CATALOGUE NUMBER Q N-A J-22-001-E N-N DOI 10.2815/529759Published by the EU Institute for Security Studies and printed in Belgium by Bietlot. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2022. Cover image credit: Julius Drost/Unsplash EUISSYEARBOOK OF EUROPEAN SECURITY2022byDaniel Fiott and Linnéa Cullman ContentsAbbreviations 4Country codes 8Introduction 9The 2022 Yearbook 15EXTERNAL ACTION1 Multilateralism 20EU voting at the United Nations 282 Turkey and the Western Balkans 34Turkey 34Western Balkans 383 The southern neighbourhood 45North Africa, the Middle East and the Gulf Region 45Sub-Saharan Africa 674 The eastern neighbourhood 97Russia 97Eastern Partnership 1025 Asia 118China 118Indo-Pacific 126Central Asia 1326 Americas 135North America 135Latin America and the Caribbean 139 EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENCE7 Crisis management 152Civilian and military CSDP 1528 Defence cooperation 164Strategic Compass 164Permanent Structured Cooperation 167Coordinated Annual Review on Defence 169European Defence Fund and Investments 171Space 173Military Mobility 176European Peace Facility 177Civilian CSDP 177Coordinated Maritime Presences 178Greening European security and defence 179Partnerships 1809 Security 185Hybrid threats 185Cybersecurity 187Terrorism and extremism 189ANNEXStatistical annex 194Index 201 List of figuresEU Delegations around the world 23Staff levels by contractual status, Dec 2021UN Security Council voting 30By permanent and non−permanent members, 2021Horn of Africa 71Conflict map, 2021The Sahel 74Conflict map, 2021EU Battlegroups (EUBG) 153Offers and commitments, as at Nov 2021CSDP Civilian Missions 155Personnel totals as of 31 Dec 2021CSDP military missions and operations 156Personnel totals as of 31 Dec 2021European military capabilities 161A comparison of major systems, 2020PESCO projects 168Number of PESCO projects Member States share with each other bilaterally, 2021Defence expenditure 170Current $ million, 2020−2021 4Abbreviations5+5 JMC5+5 Joint Military CommissionABLAdministrative Boundary LineACLEDArmed Conflict Location and Event Data ProjectAfCFTAAfrican Continental Free Trade AgreementAFPAfrican Peace FacilityAMISOMAfrican Union Mission in SomaliaASEANAssociation of Southeast Asian NationsASEMAsia-Europe MeetingAUAfrican UnionAUKUSAustralia, United Kingdom and United StatesC2Command and ControlCAIComprehensive Agreement on InvestmentCARDCoordinated Annual Review on DefenceCBAM Carbon Border Adjustment MechanismCEWSContinental Early Warning SystemCFSPCommon Foreign and Security PolicyCMPCoordinated Maritime PresencesCOP26 Climate Change ConferenceCOVAXCovid-19 Vaccines Global AccessCPCCommunist Party of ChinaCSDPCommon Security and Defence PolicyCTBT Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban TreatyDoSADefence of Space Assets DRCDemocratic Republic of CongoEaPEastern PartnershipECHREuropean Convention on Human RightsECOWARNECOWAS Early Warning and Response NetworkECOWASEconomic Community of West African StatesECtHREuropean Court of Human RightsEDAEuropean Def