Global Hydrogen Review 2022 The IEA examines the full spectrum of energy issues including oil, gas and coal supply and demand, renewable energy technologies, electricity markets, energy efficiency, access to energy, demand side management and much more. Through its work, the IEA advocates policies that will enhance the reliability, affordability and sustainability of energy in its 31 member countries, 11 association countries and beyond. Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/t&c/ This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Korea LithuaniaLuxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY Spain Sweden Switzerland Republic of TürkiyeUnited Kingdom United States IEA association countries: ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaMoroccoSingaporeSouth AfricaThailandUkraine Global Hydrogen Review 2022 PAGE | 3 Table of contents Table of Contents Executive summary ......................................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................... 11 Overview ...................................................................................................... 12 The Hydrogen Initiative ................................................................................ 13 Hydrogen is making inroads and accelerating as a consequence of the energy crisis ................................................................................................. 14 Hydrogen demand ......................................................................................... 16 Overview and outlook ................................................................................... 17 Refining ........................................................................................................ 20 Industry......................................................................................................... 28 Transport ...................................................................................................... 39 Buildings ....................................................................................................... 56 Electricity generation .................................................................................... 63 Hydrogen production .................................................................................... 69 Overview and outlook ................................................................................... 70 Electrolysis ................................................................................................... 74 Hydrogen production with CCUS ................................................................. 85 Comparison of hydrogen production routes ................................................. 91 Hydrogen-derived fuels ................................................................................ 99 Hydrogen infrastructure.............................................................................. 105 Hydrogen transport by pipeline .................................................................. 108 Underground hydrogen storage ................................................................. 123 Hydrogen transport by ships ...................................................................... 131 Repurposing LNG infrastructure ................................................................ 142 Hydrogen clusters ...................................................................................... 151 Hydrogen trade.............................................................................................160 Overview and outlook .................................................................................161 Developing international hydrogen markets ...............................................172 Hydrogen policies ........................................................................................180 Establish targets and/or long-term policy signals .......................................182 Support demand creation for low-emission hydrogen ................................188 Mitigate investment risks ............................................................................192 Promote R&D, innovation, strategic demonstration projects and knowledge-sharing ...............................................................