塑料污染与生物多样性：全球概览（英）

I N S I G H TR E P O R T Images:Adobe Stock,Getty Images Contents Executive summary Introduction 6 1Biodiversity and the impact of plastic pollution8 1.1Scale and scope of the challenge1.2Global governance – progressing but still patchy1.3Pathways for the impact of plastic pollution on biodiversity 2The geography of impact 20 2.1Geographic approach breaks silos and broadens21stakeholder cooperation2.2Mapping where biodiversity is at greatest risk22from plastic pollution 3Risks to businesses and opportunities for engagement 3.1Risks to businesses from exposure to plastic pollution3.2Upstream opportunities for private sector engagement 4Opportunities for public sector engagement 4.1Communities and civil society organizations4.2Cities and urban areas 5The case for joint action on biodiversity loss and plastic pollution 5.1Five reasons to tackle plastic waste and biodiversityloss together Conclusion and priority actions Contributors Endnotes Disclaimer This document is published by theWorld Economic Forum as a contributionto a project, insight area or interaction.The findings, interpretations andconclusions expressed herein are a resultof a collaborative process facilitated andendorsed by the World Economic Forumbut whose results do not necessarilyrepresent the views of the World Economic Preface Clémence SchmidDirector, Global PlasticAction Partnership only environmental challenges, but increasinglyeconomic and resilience challenges as well.More than half of global GDP is moderately orhighly dependent on nature. The degradation ofecosystems therefore creates growing risks for When plastic waste is unmanaged or improperlydiscarded – as an estimated 130 million tonnesis every year – it can become a major source As awareness of this challenge has grown, actionhas expanded at all levels. Significant efforts havebeen made to tackle the mounting challenge ofplastic waste, from negotiations towards a globalplastics treaty to a growing range of international, Examining plastic pollution and biodiversity lossas a shared economic, environmental and socialchallenge also reveals important opportunities. Ithelps make the value of biodiversity more tangibleto people who may feel disconnected from nature However, much less attention has been givento understanding how plastic pollution affectsbiodiversity and the ecosystem services that This report aims to address that gap. It drawson field assessments conducted across ninegeographies on three continents – developedby the World Economic Forum’s Global PlasticAction Partnership (GPAP), with support fromthe Government of Canada. Together, this Perhaps most importantly, a joint focus on plasticpollution and biodiversity helps identify whereaction is needed most, enabling investmentsto deliver stronger outcomes for both pollutionreduction and nature protection. This in turn Above all, this report demonstrates that tacklingplastic pollution and biodiversity loss togethercreates new opportunities for collaboration,investment and impact. The priority now is to The impacts of plastic pollution are particularlysevere for sectors such as fisheries, agricultureand tourism that depend directly on healthy natural Executive summary By tackling plastic pollution and biodiversityloss as an interconnected challenge, we canconserve the critical ecosystems that underpin Rates of extinction among animal and plant speciesare now tens to hundreds of times higher thanthe historical average. Plastic pollution is amongthe top five drivers of this biodiversity loss. Since1950, annual plastic production has surged from2 million to nearly 500 million tonnes, yet only 10% One important contribution from this research isa map-based approach to pinpoint where plasticpollution and biodiversity loss converge mostacutely. Instead of a waste management approach,researchers for GPAP’s nine reports developednational risk maps that overlay plastic pollution This geographic lens yields powerful insights. InColombia, plastic generated in highland citiestravels 1,000 kilometres down the MagdalenaRiver to damage coral reefs and mangroves onthe Caribbean coast – a connection invisible to theseparate agencies responsible for urban waste and Plastic waste harms biodiversity in three ways.Through physical harm – entanglement andingestion – it affects over 4,000 species, fromzooplankton to whales. It degrades habitats,suffocating mangrove roots, elevating disease risk in Mapping plastic’s journey unites stakeholders whomay not normally work together: inland cities andcoastal settlements, farmers and fishers, corporatesand traditional leaders such as the guardians ofNigeria’s Osun-Oshogbo sacred groves. It creates The economic stakes are huge. One peer-reviewedstudy concluded that the 75-150 million tonnesof plastic in the world’s oceans have led to lossesof between $500 billion and $2.5 trillion in marineecosystem services every year. Plastic pollutionis eroding fisheries, coastal t