更高的消费税是否助长了澳大利亚的黑市？

How gambling,alcohol and tobacco March 2026 Michael Doyle | Author Michael Doyle specialises in the gambling, alcohol and tobaccosectors, with additional research experience in the utilitiesand freight transport industries. He produces evidence-basedanalysis using quantitative methods to assess regulation, market Varis Desai | Research AssistantIndustry Analyst | Melbourne Sam McLeod | EditorEditor | Melbourne Courtney Carland | Production SupportEditor | Melbourne Contents Introduction Market and consumption trends Gambling: an online shift and rising losses6Alcohol: per capita consumptionis on the decline9Tobacco and vapes: smoking waneswhile vaping surges10 Regulatory environment and public scrutiny Gambling: a fragmented regulatory approach13Online wagering regulation19Alcohol: a complex, burdensome taxationregime and self-regulation20Tobacco: high excise taxes and a booming illicit market22 Societal impact Gambling: far-reaching harm26Alcohol: health and safety ramifications27Tobacco: a high health toll and the challenge of an illicit market29 Economic contribution32 Gambling: government relianceon taxation revenueAlcohol: significant employment and taxation contributionTobacco: excise revenue falls while the illicit market flourishes36 Final word References Introduction Gambling, alcohol and tobacco play aunique role in the Australian economy – theycontribute substantially to fiscal revenueand support hundreds of thousands of jobs, Recent trends highlight diverging consumptionpatterns. Smoking rates have fallendramatically and alcohol consumption hasfollowed a similar path, driven by continualincreases in tobacco and alcohol excise taxes.Gambling, however, has moved in the opposite The economic contributions of these sectorsare undeniable. Gambling taxation, alcoholand tobacco excise and the Wine EqualisationTax are embedded in Australia’s fiscal policy, Public scrutiny has intensified. The 2023parliamentary ‘Inquiry into Online Gamblingand Its Impacts on Those ExperiencingGambling Harm’ made a number ofrecommendations, including a complete ban These sectors account fora disproportionate share of Tobacco and alcohol are responsible fordeaths and hospitalisations, and alcohol isimplicated in more than half of all family anddomestic violence incidents reported to police. Australia has some of the world’s mostrestrictive tobacco marketing laws and amongthe highest excise rates globally, as it doesfor alcohol. However, gambling regulation is This white paper examines how Australia hasreached this point. It analyses consumptiontrends across gambling, alcohol and tobacco,evaluates the policies governing each sector restrictions remain far weaker than thoseapplied to tobacco and alcohol, with gamblingadvertisements aired over one million times onfree-to-air television and metro radio from May 01 Market and consumption Gambling: an online shift and rising losses Australia has the highest on-record gambling losses per capita of anycountry in the world, and, in contrast with declining alcohol and tobacco consumption, total real gambling expenditure has generally continuedto increase over time. In 2022-23, Australians gambled away $31.5 billion,the highest amount in the past two decades and comparable to the entireNorthern Territory’s Gross State Product of $33.1 billion. This comes out to The rise in betting expenditure has been primarily driven by increasedspending by men. Between 2015 and 2022, the share of men who bet ina regular month rose from 10% to 17% for those aged 18 to 24 and from11% to 17% for those aged 25 to 34. Betting on sports in a typical month Gambling by Australians starts well before the age of 18, even thoughunderage gambling is illegal. Almost one in three 12- to 17-year-oldsgamble, a figure that climbs to almost half of 18- to 19-year-olds, withhabits persisting into adulthood. The gambling rates for under-20s exceed The composition of Australia’s gambling spend has shifted over the pasttwo decades, primarily led by the transition from retail to online gambling.Electronic gaming machines, also known as pokies, continue to leadgambling losses, accounting for $15.76 billion, or 50.1%, of expenditureduring 2022-23. This addiction to pokies is unique to Australia, which hasalmost 20% of the world’s poker machines despite having less than 0.5%of its population, according to the Australian Institute. Wagering has beenthe fastest-growing segment, rising from 16.1% of spend in 2012-13 to 26.7%in 2022-23. This increase has primarily come at the expense of casinos,which saw their share of losses fall from 19.8% to just 11.5% over this period. those without. It also found that gambling-related risks were more likelyfor smokers compared with non-smokers, and for people who were in poor Men gamble at drastically higherrates than women across virtuallyall categories. In 2022, 2.4% of menreported high-risk gambling, far Men are far more likely to wager on horse or