欧洲可持续旅游：现状与共同挑战

This report was compiled and edited by: Silvia Fontolan, recent graduate in Planning and Management of Tourism Systems–Universityof Bergamo(Bergamo,Italy)–with the support of the European Travel This document does not represent the point of view of the European Travel Commission.The interpretations and opinions contained in it are solely those of the author. Acknowledgements........................................................................................ 4Foreword ....................................................................................................... 5Introduction.................................................................................................... 6Executive Summary....................................................................................... 7 I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the people that played a fundamental First of all, I thank European Travel Commission (ETC) Vice-President Ólöf Ýrr Atladóttirand Teodora Marinska, Jennifer Iduh and Stefanie Gallob of the ETC Executive Unit, forhaving given me the unique opportunity to work on such an interesting topic with the I also thank FEST Executive Director Silvia Barbone for her helpful advice during the A special thanks goes to theNational Tourism Organisations’ (NTOs’) representatives whoparticipatedin the survey,for their interest in the project and the commitment I would also like to thank my supervisor, Professor Macchiavelli, who made me aware ofthe ETC scholarship and strongly encouraged me to apply. I also thank Professors Forno My deepest gratitude finally goes to my parents, to Vanessa and to Michael. Thank you for At its 89th general meeting in April 2015, the ETC approved its first advocacy programmecovering, among other topics, an increased focus on sustainability issues within European In order to informETC’s perspective on sustainability, it was agreedto gather knowledgeon how the matter is addressed in individual member countries, andto compile an A decision was made to allot financial support for a post-graduate research project, aimedatexploring these issues.The project was launched on February 18,2016.The The concept ofsustainable tourism emerged initially as a response to the negativeexternalities of tourism activities, such asenvironmental damage and critical impacts onthe host communities’ societies and cultures (Zolfani, Sedaghat, Maknoon, &Zavadskas,2015). Following the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, the direct relationship between tourism and Sustainable tourism has progressively become almost globally envisioned as the mostdesirable approach towards the development of tourism (Zolfani et al., 2015). As reportedby the UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 2016a), European tourism recorded anincrease of 5% in international visitor numbers in 2015, resulting in a total of 608 million This Master’s thesis has been developed within the framework of a research scholarship,awarded to the author by the European Travel Commission (ETC), as part of its advocacyprogramme towards the promotion of sustainable tourism development in Europe. TheEuropeanTravel Commission,based in Brussels,is a non-for profit organisationresponsible for the stimulation of competitiveness and the promotion of Europe as touristdestination in third markets. Its member organisations, thirty-two NTOs in Europe, work This Master’s thesis has been developed within the framework of a research scholarship,awarded to the author by the European Travel Commission (ETC), as part of its advocacy The final aim of the thesis is to define,analyzeand assess the status quo of sustainabletourismamongstthe members of the European Travel Commission:thirty-two National Firstly, the study provides insights into the concept of sustainable tourism and how it is What is the common understanding of the concept of sustainable tourism? How can sustainable tourism be measured and credibly demonstrated? What is the nature of the relation between sustainable tourism and long-term How can sustainability issues be integrated into the holistic management of a destination? What are the roles of NTOs in this regard? Secondly, a comprehensive classification of the sustainable tourism initiatives carried out In which terms can sustainable tourism be considered part of the overall strategy and operational plan of the NTOs? What formal sustainable programs have been formulated? How and to which extent is sustainability inserted into the destination What concrete initiatives have been implemented according to the formal planning How do the NTOs support initiatives aimed at the sustainable development How can the NTOs’ sustainable tourism programs and initiatives be classified? What NTO-specific aspects can be considered relevant? Thirdly,the effective implementation and success of the NTOs’sustainable tourism What key performance indicators of sustainability do the NTOs consider when What common challen