旅游危机：欧洲目的地的影响和教训

Crisesin Tourism:Impactsand Lessonsfrom A report produced forthe European Travel Commission Copyright © 2024European Travel Commission (ETC) Crises in Tourism: Impacts and Learnings from European Destinations All rights reserved. The contents of this report may be quoted, provided the source is given accuratelyand clearly. Distribution or reproduction in full is permitted for own or internal use only. While we encourage distribution via publicly accessible websites, this should be done via a link toETC'scorporate website,referring visitors to the Research/Trends Watch section. Published by the European Travel Commission Rue du Marché aux Herbes, 61,1000 Brussels, Belgium Website:www.etc-corporate.org Email:info@visiteurope.com ISBN No:978-92-95107-72-4 This report was compiled and edited byTOPOSOPHYon behalf of the ETC Market Intelligence Group. Cover:The erupting volcano in Iceland.Copyright:Ása Steinarsdóttir,on Unsplash Foreword In today’s interconnected world, the tourism sector stands at the forefront of industries most susceptibleto the ripple effects of global crises. From terrorism and political instability to the unpredictable natureof pandemics and natural disasters, destinations' challenges are varied and profound. In this context, In response to this pressing need, the European Travel Commission (ETC) has undertaken a criticalinitiative to bolster the resilience of European tourism destinations. Through developing this report andthe accompanying Crisis Management Checklist for National Tourism Organisations (NTOs), ETC aims to The present report is strategically designed to enhance the understanding of European destinationsregarding the multifaceted impacts of past and potential crises on the tourism industry. By providinginsights drawn from destinations that have successfullymanaged crises, as well as lessons learned fromless successful attempts, the report fosters a culture of collaboration and knowledge exchange–vital ETC trusts that this report will be a valuable resource for European destinations as they prepare for theuncertainties ahead. By building resilience and enhancing crisis management capabilities, we can ensure Miguel SanzPresident Acknowledgements This report was prepared byPeter Jordan, Marta Mills, DrPantazis Pastras, Chris Armstrong andManolisPsarros(TOPOSOPHY) for the European Travel Commission (ETC). ETC would like to place on record itsgratitude toTOPOSOPHY’s team for their creativity,unwavering commitment, and high level of This report forms part of ETC’s ongoing Market Intelligence Programme and was carried out under thesupervision ofPiret Kallas(Estonian Tourist Board-Estonian Business and Innovation Agency), StevenValcke (VisitFlanders), Lyublena Dimova, Rocio Lopez and Cornelia Keller(ETC Executive Unit), on behalf The successful completion of this project would not have been possible without the active participationof the National Tourism Organisationsacross Europe. Wesincerely thank all ETC members who In particular, we wish to acknowledge and thank: •All respondents to the ETC Survey on Crisis Management conducted in March and April 2024.•Delegates who actively participated in the ETC Workshop on Tourism Crisis Management in Europe,held during the ETC General Meeting in Kaunas, Lithuania, on 23 May 2024. Your collective efforts and collaboration have been instrumental in the success of thisproject. Crises in Tourism:impacts and lessons from Contents 1.Introduction 1.1 A new era for crises in European tourism1.2 How is ‘crisis’ defined?1.3 Understanding the scale and scope of crises1.4 Putting Covid-19 and the climate crisis into context 2.Mapping crises andtheir impacts 2.1 Categorising crises2.2 The impact of crises on European destinations 3.Case studies on tourism crisis management in Europe Greece: Athens Heatwave and Rhodes Wildfires (2023)Slovenia: Severe Flooding (2023)Iceland: Reykjanes Seismic Activity (2023-2024)Portugal: Algarve Water Shortages (2023-2024) 4.Lessons on the role of the NTO in crisis management 5.The phases of tourism crisis management for NTOs 6.References IntroductionA new era for crises in European tourism 1.Introduction 1.1A new era for crises in European tourism In 2022, the WorldHealth Organisation stated that ‘the European Region is in a “permacrisis”1. Thefrequency of different crisis situations in Europe has been increasing in recent years, including those linkedto climate change, emerging infectious diseases, and war. The COVID-19 outbreak, in particular, paralysed The fact that tourismdemandhas recovered relatively swiftly in the wake of the pandemic may suggestthat demand is fairly resilient. Yet it does not necessarily demonstrate that thesupplyside of Europe’stourism sector-its destinations, its communities and local businesses-has become more resilient towithstand future crises, which are becoming bigger and more complex in nature. Already, other morelocalised crises (e.g. the war in U