绿色和可持续增长议程-全球经济

PROCEEDINGS OF A G20 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCENEW DELHI JULY 28 - 29, 2023 FOREWORD The genesis of the G20 was at the end of the last century. Its salience grew evenmore during the global economic crisis in the first decade of the21stcentury.Although India itself has had the scale and autonomy to bounce back relativelyquickly from COVID, this is not true of most countries of the Global Southwhere the development momentum has appreciably deteriorated becauseof the pandemic, further complicated by the aftershocks of war, sanctions,and inflation. The challenges of adaptation to a changing climate adds toeconomic and social stress. There is a deep crisis of economic development,well-documented in the stagnation of the Sustainable Development Goals ofthe UN and in commentary by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and theWorld Bank, but for reasons of a changed geopolitics, this deep crisis has notevoked the solidarity of the past. The G20 Leaders’ most basic commitment is to deliver strong, sustainable,balanced and inclusive growth, to be achieved through political guidancearrived at through dialogue and policy coordination. Each G20 Presidencybuilds upon the achievements of its predecessor and hands over to its successorthrougha well-established troika process.With Indonesia leading India,Brazil scheduled to follow in 2024 and South Africa in 2025, four developingcountries in succession will hold the G20 Presidency. This sequence providesa golden opportunity to bring sustained long-term economic growth (and notjust economic recovery) back to centre stage on the global economic agenda. On 28-29 July 2023, NITI Aayog, together with the International DevelopmentResearchCentre(IDRC),Ottawa and the Global Development Network(GDN), New Delhi convened an international policy conference of around 40leading thinkers to examine prospects and challenges pertaining to green andsustainable growth for the global economy. The policy conference was anofficial G20 side event designed to explore the contours of anew growth modelto guide this and future G20 Presidencies. The first day of the conferencefocused on themes related to energy, climate, and growth; technology, policy,and jobs; the growth implications of a fractured trading system and reshapingglobal finance for sustainable growth. The second day addressed t hemesrelated to multilateralism as well as adjustment, resilience, and inclusion in anuncertain world. The discussions yielded rich insights in a number of areas. For instance,opinions are sharply divided on the growth consequences of a transition fromfossil to renewable resources at a time when climate change will impose itsown challenges of adaptation. The IMF and the World Trade Organisationhave warned of the economic welfare consequences of the balkanisationof international trade in the pursuit of economic security, at a time wheninterdependencethrough both trade and finance has become weaponised.There is increasing concern that, for all its sophistication, the global financesystem, both official and private, is not a force supporting long-term sustainablegrowth. In various sessions of the conference, experts addressed the criticalissue of how the global financial order (including the monetary order) shouldbe reformed to be more supportive of rising living standards across the world.Further, they deliberated upon whether a division of world trade into regionalblocs is inevitable and what this implies for a great majority of the world’scountries. The issue of liberal globalisation and rising inequality at least within nations, wasalso discussed. As the G20 countries lead a global debate on the developmentstrategy, ensuring more inclusive outcomes will be of paramount concernfor both developing and developed countries. Many experts highlighted thecritical role played by treaty-based multilateral institutions designed at theend of the Second World War for securing important global public goods(peace and economic growth) and the pathways for reforming multilateralismin the present era. The discussions held during the policy conference offered several importantsuggestions for green and sustainable growth which NITI is pursuing throughvarious fora. By design the conference preceded the Leaders’ Summit, allowingsome of the key ideas and thoughts shared by the experts during the two-daydeliberations to be introduced in the unanimous Leaders’ Declaration, a greatachievement of the Indian Presidency under Prime Minister Modi’s leadership. The insights shared by leading experts during the conference can serve asinvaluable benchmarks for researchers, academics and stakeholders globally.The conference sessions received an overwhelming response from across theworld, indicating tremendous interest among the public and academia in thesubject matter. This publication is our collective contribution to the body ofknowledge on this subject, and we hope that it will provide valuable inputs forBrazil as it takes over the G20