2022年家庭收入分配

Introduction What Is in This Report? The Congressional Budget Office regularly analyzes how income is distributed among house-holds in the United States to provide Congress with information about the effects of federal taxesand government spending on households in that distribution. In this report, the agency examinesthe distribution of income—and of the means-tested transfers and federal taxes that affect it—from1979 (the earliest year for which relevant data from tax returns are available) to 2022 (the most Terms Used in This Report Income before transfers and taxes.Consists of market income (which includes labor income, business income,capital income, and realized capital gains) plus social insurance benefits (which include benefits from SocialSecurity, Medicare, unemployment insurance, and workers’ compensation).1 Means-tested transfers.Cash payments and in-kind services provided through federal, state, and local gov-ernment assistance programs, such as Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), theSupplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and Supplemental Security Income. Eligibility to receive suchtransfers is determined primarily on the basis of income, which must be below certain thresholds. This analysis Federal taxes.Consist of individual income taxes, payroll taxes, corporate income taxes, and excise taxes. Theaverage federal tax rate is calculated by dividing total federal taxes for an income group by that group’s total Income after transfers and taxes.Income before transfers and taxes plus means-tested transfers minus federal Gini coefficient.A measure of income inequality that summarizes how equally income is distributed across thepopulation. It ranges from zero (the most equal distribution) to 1 (the least equal distribution). Summary of CBO’s Main Findings for In 2022, average income before transfers and taxes grew for all income groups except the highestquintile (or fifth), whereas average income after transfers and taxes fell for all groups.(All measuresof growth in this report are presented in real terms—that is, they have been adjusted to remove theeffects of inflation.) From 2019 to 2022, income before transfers and taxes grew for the top quintile,remained stable for the middle three quintiles, and fell for the lowest. Over the period, income after Average means-tested transfer rates fell in 2022, especially for households in the lowest quintile,after the temporary expansion of unemployment compensation during the pandemic expired at the Average federal tax rates rose across the income distribution in 2022 after the pandemic-erarecovery rebate credits and the expanded child tax credit expired at the end of 2021.This increasewas largest among households in the lowest quintile. For most income groups, tax rates in 2022 were In 2022, income inequality decreased, in large part because income from realized capital gains—which mainly accrues to high-income households—fell from a record high in 2021.From 2019 to Summary of CBO’s Main Findings for Average income, both before and after transfers and taxes, grew for all quintiles of the incomedistribution, but it increased most for households in the highest quintile. Means-tested transfers’ contribution to income grew, especially for households near thebottom of the income distribution.As a percentage of income before transfers and taxes,means-tested transfers rose over time, driven primarily by an increase in Medicaid spending Households with higher income typically paid a higher average federal tax rate than house-holds with lower income.Average federal tax rates fell over the past four decades for all income Income inequality, whether measured in terms of income before transfers and taxes or incomeafter transfers and taxes, rose.The degree to which transfers and taxes reduced income inequal- Notes About This Document All dollar amounts are expressed in 2022 dollars. They were adjusted by using the Bureau ofEconomic Analysis’s price index for personal consumption expenditures. Growth rates were Some of the figures have shaded vertical bars that indicate the duration of recessions. (Arecession begins just after a peak in economic activity and runs through the subsequent For details about the methods CBO uses for its analysis of the distribution of householdincome, see Congressional Budget Office,The Distribution of Household Income in2021(September 2024), Appendix A,www.cbo.gov/publication/60341, and Bilal Habib,How CBO Adjusts for Survey Underreporting of Transfer Income in Its Distributional Analyses, Working Paper 2018-07 (Congressional Budget Office, July 2018), Overview of the Distribution ofIncome From 2019 to 2022 Average Income, Means-Tested Transfers,and Federal Taxes in 2022 Before and after the effectsof means-tested transfers andfederal taxes are accounted for,household income was unequally Cumulative Growth in Average Household Income After increasing from 2019to 2021, the averag