长时储能方案的成本基准分析 2025技术报告

CostBenchmarkingforLongDurationEnergyStorageSolutions 2025TechnicalReport January2026 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS EPRI prepared this report in collaboration with the LDES Council. The Principal Investigators were:G. Booras, J. Marasigan, J. Raade, J. Rushkoff and S.Hume. EPRI acknowledges the strong partnership and collaboration of the LDES Council andits member organizations in supporting this research effort. The contributions of Councilmembers—through their technical insights, market perspectives, and ongoingengagement—were instrumental in shaping the findings and ensuring that theoutcomes reflect real-world priorities and opportunities for long duration energy storagedeployment. EPRI and the LDES Council recognize and value the collective effort of all participantswho contributed knowledge, expertise, and guidance. Their commitment to advancingthe energy storage industry continues to drive progress toward a more resilient, reliable,and decarbonised energy system. ABSTRACT This study presents the results of a cost benchmarking study forlong durationenergystorage (LDES) technologies conducted by EPRI in collaboration with the LDESCouncil. Recognizing theneed to have high-quality data on the costofLDEStechnologies to enable policymakers and data collectors to support the modeling,demonstration, and large-scale deployment ofLDES solutions, theLDESCouncilissued a survey to its technology developer members to collect high-level performancemetrics, capital and operating costs, and technology readiness levels for commercial-scale projects in both power-to-power and power-to-heat applications. The collected data were reviewed andnormalised to a common design basis andlocation to enable meaningful comparisons across technologies.The names ofindividual technology developers were not included given confidentiality restrictions.However,the data are presented in an aggregated format with related technologiesincluded in five broad technology categories, including:IntradayElectrochemical,Intraday Compressed Gas,IntradayPumped Heat, Multi-Day, andThermal EnergyStorage. Cost data were scaled and aggregated for contract years 2025 and 2030,providing insights into expected cost reductions driven byresearch and developmentadvancements and manufacturing scale-up.Cost data were also aggregated to avoidover-interpretingindividual technology performance, e.g., to preserve confidentiality andcomparability. Note to Readers:To ensure comparability and protect commercially sensitiveinformation, this study presents cost data in aggregated ranges by technology category.Readers seeking more granular or technology-specific information for modeling orplanning purposes are encouraged to contact the LDES Council, which can facilitateconnections with relevant technology developers represented in this study. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents the results of a comprehensive cost benchmarking study forlongdurationenergy storage (LDES) technologies, conducted by EPRI in collaboration withthe LDES Council. The study addresses the growing need for reliable, scalable, andcost-effective energy storage solutions to support grid reliability, decarbonization, andthe increasing energy demands driven by datacentres, electrification, and artificialintelligence. Study Overview •A structured survey was issued to LDES Council technology developer members.•Data collected included capital costs, operating and maintenance (O&M) costs,performance metrics, and technology readiness levels (TRLs).•Technologies were grouped into five categories:−Intraday Electrochemical (e.g., flow batteries, sodium batteries)−Intraday Compressed Gas (e.g., advanced compressed air, liquid air, CO₂-basedsystems)−Intraday Pumped Heat Energy Storage (power-to-power configuration)−Multi-Day (100+ hr options, e.g., fuel-based, reversible fuel cells, metal-airbatteries, etc.)−Thermal Energy Storage (power-to-heat systems such as sensible heat orphase-change materials) •Data werenormalised to a common design basis and location (U.S. Lower 48) toenable meaningful comparisons. Key Cost Data Thelow and high ranges fortotal plant cost (TPC)in $/kWhforeachtechnology groupare plotted inthe following figuresforcurrent costs in2025 andforprojected costs in2030.All technology categories show costs in units of electrical energy storage (power-to-power applications) except for Thermal Energy Storage,which is showninunits ofthermal energy storage (power-to-heat application).TPC values expressed in $/kWhshould be interpreted in the context of discharge duration and intended systemapplication, as longer duration resources inherently spread fixed power-related costsover more stored energy. Note that the Intraday Electrochemical technologies that make up the 2030 group arenot the same as those in 2025, i.e., some developers only provided 2025 costs, someboth 2025 and 2030 costs, and some only 2030 costs. Based on the submitted costdata, the projected TPC cost reduction from 2025 to 2030 for t