AIDE-MÉMOIRE：加强国家行动，消除铅暴露

Exposure tolead AIDE-MEMOIRE Checklist For enhanced country action to eliminate lead exposure Lead is a toxic metal whose extensive use has led toenvironmentalcontamination,human exposure andsignificant public health problems globally. Lead isamong the top 10 chemicals of public health concern,accordingto the WHO.Activities leading tocontamination include mining, smelting, manufacturing,recycling, and electronic waste. Lead has furthermorebeen used in a range of products, such as lead-acidbatteries, solder, paints, ceramics, toys, electronic andmechanicequipment,cookware,spices,traditionalmedicines, cosmetics and ammunition. Measurements &regulations ☐Laboratories with thecapacity to monitor blood leadlevels available and monitoringprogrammes in place☐Legally binding controls onlead paint established☐Environmental and air-quality regulations enforced☐Strict standards andsurveillance programmes forlead levels in drinking-waterquality established☐Lead in food monitored anddata publicly available☐Lead-contaminated sites andexposure routes identified Exposure can occur through inhalation or ingestion. No level of lead exposure isconsidered safe. It can affect multiple body systems and damage the brain, liver,kidneys, bones, blood and reproductive system. While it is particularly harmful toyoung children (especially affecting their brain and central nervous system) andwomen of child-bearing age, it can accumulate over time and cause a high deathtoll from cardiovascular diseases in adults. 1.5 million deaths globally were causedby lead in 2021, primarily due to cardiovascular effects. Policies & actions Yet the harmful health effects from lead are entirely preventable. Past reductionsin lead use in petrol, paint, plumbing, and solder have significantly lowered averageblood lead levels. But major sources of exposure still exist, especially in low- andmiddle-income countries, and further efforts are required. ☐Lead paint eliminated☐Safe recycling of lead-containing waste, especiallylead-acid batteries, promoted Awareness raising &capacity building WHO support to countries Provides a summary of national data on legally binding regulation onthe production, import, sale and use of lead paints.Provides evidence-based guidance on the clinical management of leadexposure.Works with countries to mobilize response to outbreaks of mass leadexposure and provide technical assistance.Provides a compendium of available interventions to prevent exposureto and mitigate the risks of lead.Promotes the phase-out of paints containing lead through the GlobalAlliance to Eliminate Lead Paint.Provides training and advocacy materials (e.g., International LeadPoisoning Prevention Week) to raise awareness about lead poisoning,including training for health care workers, and ways to minimizeexposure. ☐Information about sourcesand health risks of leadexposure and protectivemeasures distributed to thepublic☐Information about safedisposal of lead-acid batteriesand other electronic devicesprovided to the public☐Health sector informed andtrained on the diagnosis andmanagement of lead poisoning Key elements for country action Governance Engage the health sector to cooperate across sectors, such as water and sanitation, industry, waste, environmentand food to minimize the use and exposure to lead.Ensure health gains from removal or improved management of lead are considered in all relevant policies outsidethe heath sector.Increase awareness about the health benefits of minimizing exposure to lead among decision makers and thepublic.Implement WHO Guidelines for the clinical management of exposure to lead Awareness raising andcapacity building Policies and actions Measurements and regulations Ensure the availability oflaboratories with the capacity tomonitor blood lead levels.Establish legally binding controlson lead paint.Enforce environmental and air-quality regulations, including formining, smelting, manufacturingand recycling activities.Include strict standards for leadlevels (<0.01 mg/L) in nationaldrinking-water quality andimplement a surveillance programfor monitoring it.Collect data about lead infoodstuffs and other consumerproducts and make this informationpublicly available to drive action.Identify lead-contaminated sitesand exposure routes and preventhuman exposure to lead from theseareas. Phase-out non-essential usesof lead such as in paint.Eliminate leaded solder infood and drink cans, waterpipes, and remove lead fromhomes, schools, toys, potteryfor cooking or eating, spices,traditional medicine, andcosmetics.Ensure the safe recycling oflead-containing waste, such aslead-acid batteries.Establish occupationalexposure controls to protectworkers exposed to lead. Educate the public about thesources of exposure, dangersof lead-containing products,the risks of lead exposure, andhow to protect themselves andtheir families.Educate the public about theimportance of safe disposal oflead-acid batteries and