衡量供给侧国内支付成本的比较方法：一项试点研究的结果

RESULTS FROM A PILOT STUDYPublic Disclosure Authorized Oya Ardic, Holti Banka,Yanning Chen and Edlira Dashi FINANCE, COMPETITIVENESS & INVESTMENTS GLOBAL PRACTICEPayment Systems Development Group © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000Internet: www.worldbank.org This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed inthis volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governmentsthey represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors,denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part ofthe World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONSThe material in this publication is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of their knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as fullattribution is given. www.fastpayments.worldbank.org ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank Harish Natarajan (Practice Manager) for his overall guidance, as well asAart Kraay (Chief Economist), and members of the Payment Systems Development Group for theirfeedback. In particular, the authors would like to thank Xavier Gine, Alexander Pankov, and MatthewSaal (all World Bank Group) for their useful comments during the formal peer reviewing process.FXC Intelligence collected the underlying data. CONTENTS 01INTRODUCTION 02METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION 2.1Monitoring and Evaluation2.2Cash Withdrawal2.3P2P Payments2.4P2B Payments2.5Transaction Size2.6Challenges and Limitations 03ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 3.1Transaction Account Access Costs3.2Cash Withdrawal Costs3.3P2P Payment Costs3.4P2B Payment Costs 04CONCLUSION ANNEX IPROVIDERS BY COUNTRY ANNEX IIGLOSSARY INTRODUCTION The cost of domestic payments affects individuals, businesses, and economies alike. Everyday transactions, such aspaying a vendor, sending money to a family member, settling a bill, may seem routine, but in many emerging marketsand developing economies (EMDEs), the cost of these payments remains a barrier to full financial participation. Highpayment costs, particularly for digital transactions, reinforce dependence on cash, limit access to formal financialservices, and ultimately constrain economic opportunity and resilience. Digital payments are a gateway to inclusion, if they are affordable and accessible. Person-to-person (P2P) andperson-to-business (P2B) payments are among the most frequent financial transactions for individuals and smallenterprises. P2P digital payments allow people to manage expenses, support others, and transfer funds quickly,including between their own accounts. P2B digital payments underpin small-scale commerce, entrepreneurship, anddaily consumption. These use cases are expanding rapidly1, driven by wider smartphone and internet access, the rise infast payment infrastructures, overlay services such as QR codes and aliases, and the evolution of open financeecosystems. In this context, understanding the cost of domestic payments is critical to increasing usage and designing effectivereforms. For low-income individuals and small businesses, even modest fees can deter the use of formal paymentservices. Measuring these costs helps identify specific frictions that hinder access and uptake of financial services,particularly digital ones. This evidence is essential for designing policies that enhance transparency, lower transactioncosts, and promote more inclusive financial ecosystems. It also supports product development that better reflects users’actual needs and behaviors. The World Bank has been measuring the cost of retail payments for more than a decade. In 2016, it introduced acomprehensive framework for collecting demand (consumers and businesses)- and supply (payment serviceproviders)-side data on domestic retail payments2. Implemented in 11 countries to date, the framework provides adetailed snapshot of payment costs by use case, payment instrument, channel, and economic actor, as well as potentialsavings from shifting to more efficient digital methods3. In parallel, the World Bank maintains the Remittance PricesWorldwide4database, the most comprehensive public resource on cross-border P2P transfer costs globally. Morerecently, Project FASTT (Frictionless, Affordable, Safe, Timely Transactions) has examined factors influencing the coststructure of domestic fast payments5. Building on these existing methodologies, the World Bank has developed a supply-side framework to estimate domesticpayment costs charged by providers in a standardized and globally comparable way. The framework focuses on threedimensions: 1.Account access costs – the cost o