工业可再生能源：低温热能与蒸汽的电气化

Renewables for Industry Electrification of low-temperature heatand steam INTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCY The IEA examines the fullspectrumof energy issuesincluding oil, gas andcoal supply anddemand, renewableenergy technologies,electricity markets,energy efficiency,access to energy,demand sidemanagement and muchmore. Through its work,the IEA advocatespolicies that will enhancethe reliability,affordability andsustainability of energyin its32Member countries,13Association countriesand beyond. IEAAssociationcountries: IEAMembercountries: AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TürkiyeUnited KingdomUnited States ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingaporeSouth AfricaThailandUkraine This publication and any mapincluded herein are withoutprejudice to the status of orsovereignty over any territory,to the delimitation ofinternational frontiers andboundaries and to the nameof any territory, city or area. The EuropeanCommission alsoparticipates in thework of the IEA Source: IEA.International Energy AgencyWebsite: www.iea.org Abstract Industry is responsible for 30% of global energy consumption, most of which issupplied by fossil fuels. The focus of industrial decarbonisation has largely beenon the steel and cement sectors, but significant potential also exists in less energy-intensive sectors such as food and beverages, textiles, chemicals, paper, andother manufacturing activities. These sectors offer some of the most immediateand cost-effective opportunities for industrial decarbonisation and diversificationof energy sources. Commercially available electric technologies – including heatpumps, electric boilers and resistance heaters – can meet most heat demand inthese subsectors. Widespread electrification of low-temperature heat and steam in industry, coupledwith increasing deployment of renewable electricity supply, can deliver multiplebenefits. In addition to reducing fossil fuel use and associated emissions, it canimprove energy security by lowering exposure to volatile gas and oil prices and,when integrated with thermal storage, it can create demand flexibility that helpsensure a higher share of variable renewable generation. This report explores how to expand the role of renewables in the industrial energymix through electrification of low-temperature heat and steam. It focuses on theEuropean Union, China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),examining their techno-economic potential and existing policy environments.Finally, the report proposes priority action areas for accelerating industrial heatelectrification. Acknowledgements, contributorsand credits This report was prepared by the Renewable Energy Division (RED) of theInternational Energy Agency. The study was designed and directed by IlkkaHannula, Lead Author and Senior Energy Analyst. Principal contributors were (inalphabetical order) Elisa Asmelash and Martina Lyons. Other IEA colleagues whocontributed to this work include Francois Briens (former IEA), Ethan Burkley andBrieuc Nerincx. PaoloFrankl,Head of the Renewable Energy Division,provided strategicguidance and input to this work. Valuable comments and feedback were providedby senior management Keisuke Sadamori, Brian Motherway, Timur Guel, DennisHesseling,and Araceli Fernandez Pales and colleagues within the IEA (inalphabetical order): Herib Blanco, Rafael Gordon Martinez, Nathalie Kauf, PatrickMcMaster, Emma Mooney, Isaac Portugal, Richard Simon, Fabian Voswinkel andJacques Warichet. We thank Janice Griffiths for the editing. Thanks also to the IEA Communicationsand Digital Office for their help in producing the report, particularly to AstridDumond and Liv Gaunt. Thereport benefited from discussions during two workshops:the IEAElectrification of Industrial Heat: Opportunities for Renewables Workshop, whichfocused on the European Union and China (December 2024) and Unlocking theBenefits of Renewables for Consumers. Are the Cost Savings from RenewablesReflected in Retail Electricity Prices? (April 2025). Many experts from outside of the IEA provided valuable input, commented andreviewed this report. They include: Alcoa (Karin Dahlman), Armstrong International (Rossen Ivanov), ASEAN Centrefor Energy (Zulfikarn Yurnaidi), Asian Development Bank (Pradeep Tharakan),Association of Swedish Engineering Industries (Oskar Kvarnstrom), AustraliaDepartmentof Climate Change,Energy,Environment and Water(StevenKenihan), Austrian Institute of Technology (Sabrina Dusek and Veronika Wilk),ChinaHeat Pump Alliance(Hengyi Zhao),Chinese Academy of ScienceShenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (Wei Feng), Coolbrook (JoonasRauramoand Ville Valiaho),Danish Technological Institute(BenjaminZuehlsdorf), Energy Innovation (Jeffrey Rissman, Sonali Deshpande, Nik Sawe),Energy Sto