全球量子生态系统图谱：基于创新、企业、投资、技能、贸易和政策数据的综合分析

A comprehensive analysis based on innovation, firm,investment, skills, trade and policy data December 2025 Forewords The year 2025 marks a century since the initialdevelopment of quantum mechanics. Today, quantumtechnologies are being developed using these principlesto expand the frontiers of human knowledge and solvecomplex problems beyond the reach of conventionaldigital technologies. Quantum technologies have thepotential to enable powerful new forms of computing,safeguard critical communications and achieve levelsof precision in sensing and measurement that enablegroundbreaking advancements, ranging from medicalimaging to navigation to environmental monitoring. This study was prepared in collaboration with theEuropean Patent Office (EPO) and draws on multiple datasources to shed light on the science, firms, investments,skills, trade flows, and policies that characterise thequantum ecosystem. This collaboration provides uniqueinsights into the evolution of quantum technologies’ecosystems, underscoring the value of internationalco-operation in building a robust evidence base for soundpolicymaking in fast-moving fields. Building on related OECD work, including our QuantumTechnologies Policy Primer (2025) and Overviewof National Strategies and Policies for QuantumTechnologies (2025), this report contributes to theOrganisation’s effort to deepen the evidence baseand promote international co-operation among itsmembership to identify policies and best practices for theresponsible development and deployment of quantumtechnologies. Governments across the world have acknowledged thepotential of quantum technologies to reshape industriesand drive scientific breakthroughs and are taking policyaction. Over 30 countries have formulated tailoredpolicies to support the responsible development andadoption of quantum technologies, including 18 OECDcountries that have comprehensive national quantumstrategies. We are committed to helping policymakers navigate theopportunities and challenges of this new frontier, and toshape a quantum technology-enabled future that deliversbroad benefits for our economies and societies. To support the design and implementation of thesepolicies, this report provides a comprehensive overviewof the ecosystems that sustain quantum technologies.It charts the development of quantum technologiesthrough a dynamic network of actors: researchinstitutions, innovative start-ups, established firms,investors, and public authorities. It also provides newanalysis, including on investment patterns and skillsdemand, as well as initial evidence on trade flows relatedto equipment, goods and raw materials that are relevantfor quantum technologies. Based on this analysis, thereport provides key insights for governments seekingto design policies that foster innovation and presentsan assessment of government efforts to promote andstimulate the development of quantum technologies. Mathias CormannOECD Secretary General The study shows that the quantum ecosystem isexpanding rapidly, with strong growth in innovation, newfirm creation and investment, particularly in quantumcomputing. Europe has a solid base of quantum startupsdriving these advancements, but these attract lessinvestment than their counterparts in the US. Largeestablished firms operating primarily outside quantumcontribute substantially to the ecosystem and will playa key role in bringing quantum solutions to market.Despite rapid progress, the field remains focused ontechnology development over commercialisation andrising dependence on a few strategic suppliers is addingto systemic vulnerabilities. Public policies have so farfocused mainly on supporting research and development,but future efforts will have to expand beyond that tosustain Europe’s progress in quantum. Quantum technologies have the potential to drive broadsocietal progress. They could deliver unprecedentedadvances in communication security, computationalperformance and sensing capabilities, with benefitsreaching from defence to healthcare and environmentalprotection. Mario Draghi’s landmark report identifiesquantum technologies as a strategic priority,underscoring their importance for Europe’s industrialcompetitiveness and technological sovereignty. Despite their transformative promise, quantumtechnologies are still at an early stage of maturity.Policymakers, research organisations, startups andestablished companies dedicate considerable resourcesto creating a quantum ecosystem aimed at bringingquantum science to market. There is a pressing needto monitor progress across this increasingly complexlandscape to better co-ordinate efforts and help turn thequantum promise into reality. As part of this broader effort to support Europeancompetitiveness, the EPO’s Observatory on Patents andTechnology has launched a new platform on quantumtechnologies, offering a unique lens on technologicaldevelopments, and has updated the Deep Tech Finderwith an extended quantum filter to help identi