用于评估工作场所纳米物体及其聚集体和团聚体（NOAA）吸入暴露的暴露指标的识别：关于制造安全的系列，纳米材料及其他先进材料

OECD Series on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials and otherAdvanced Materials The Identification of Exposure Metrics forUse in Evaluation of Inhalation Exposure toNano-Objects and their Aggregates andAgglomerates (NOAA) in the Workplace This work was approved and declassified by the ChemicalsandBiotechnology Committee on31/07/2025. Pleasecitethispublicationas: OECD (2025),TheIdentification of Exposure Metrics for Use in Evaluation of Inhalation Exposure to Nano-Objects and theirAggregates and Agglomerates (NOAA) in the Workplace,OECD Series onthe Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials and otherAdvanced Materials, OECD Publishing, Paris,https://doi.org/10.1787/ac70e53a-en. © OECD 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you acceptto be bound by the terms of this licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Attribution–you must cite the work.Translations–you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.Adaptations–you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employedin this adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material–the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party andfor any claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration(PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitrationshall be Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. About the OECD TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)is an intergovernmentalorganisation in which representatives of 38 countries in North and South America, Europe and the Asiaand Pacific region, as well as the European Union, meet to co-ordinate and harmonisepolicies, discussissues of mutual concern, and work together to respond to international problems. Most of the OECD’swork is carried out by more than 200 specialised committees and working groups composed of membercountrydelegates.Observers from several Partner countries and from interested internationalorganisations attend many of the OECD’s workshops and other meetings. Committees and working groupsare served by the OECD Secretariat, located in Paris, France, which is organised into directorates anddivisions. The Environment, Health and Safety Division publishes free-of-charge documents in twelve differentseries:Testing and Assessment;Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring;Pesticides;Biocides;Risk Management;Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology;Safety ofNovel Foods and Feeds; Chemical Accidents; Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers; EmissionScenario Documents; Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials;andAdverse Outcome Pathways.More information about the Environment, Health and Safety Programme and EHS publications is availableon the OECD’s World Wide Web site (https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/chemical-safety-and-biosafety.html). This publication was developed in the IOMC context. The contents do not necessarilyreflect the views or stated policies of individual IOMC Participating Organizations. TheInter-Organisation Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC)was established in 1995 following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conferenceon Environment and Development to strengthen co-operation and increase internationalco-ordination inthe field of chemical safety. The Participating Organisations are FAO,ILO,UNDP,UNEP,UNIDO,UNITAR,WHO,World Bank,Basel,Rotterdam andStockholm Conventions and OECD. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote co-ordinationof the policies and activitiespursued by the Participating Organisations, jointly orseparately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human healthand the environment. Table of contents About the OECD3Executive Summary51 Background62 Metrics for quantifying inhalation exposure to NM83 Instruments for measuring different metrics114 Comparison of the instruments225 Measurementstrategies256 Modelling inhalation exposure277 Background NOAA measurement298 Occupational exposure limits329 Summary and Recommendations34Glossary36References39 Tables Table1. Examples of nanoparticle monitoring devices (adopted from Leeet al., 2011; Yuet al, 2014)11Table2. Proposed Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) for Nanomaterials33 Executive Summary This document