2025美国聚变供应链报告

U.S. Fusion Supply Chain Report Executive Summary Supply chain challenges could stall a burgeoning fusion industry, and addressing themeffectively will be vital for the industry to rapidly grow. As the Special Competitive StudiesProject’s (SCSP) Commission on the Scaling of Fusion Energy outlined in their report FusionForward: Powering America's Future, securing a future for fusion energy is of utmostimportance.1Lessons from other high-tech sectors, such as semiconductors and advancedbatteries, underscore the risks of supply chain vulnerabilities and over-reliance on foreignsources, particularly from strategic competitors like China. In this report, we determine aranking of the most widely used supply chain components within the fusion industry, thenprovide detailed analysis of each major system and its subsystems, including current locations ofmanufacture, dominant players in the space, and potential remedies for the most vulnerablecomponents. A few fusion ecosystem inputs in particular stand out. Tritium, which makes up half of the fuelthat most fusion companies plan to use, is a scarce material, with only 25-30 kg availableworldwide. To breed more tritium and ensure a closed fusion fuel cycle, companies will likelyrequire lithium enriched in lithium-6, for which there is no domestic commercial supply. Laserdiodes are crucial to a subset of inertial fusion companies, and China leads in producing thenecessary gallium and germanium, and is making strong progress in the diodes themselves.High-temperature superconductors, necessary for compact magnetic fusion approaches, lackreliable American producers, and China has recently taken the lead in global production volumewith plans to massively scale up. Both neutral beam injectors and radiofrequency heaters, usedto heat plasma in magnetic fusion devices, are specialized machines that rely on scarcematerials and unique expertise. Our analysis of the fusion supply chain also found some areas where China is potentiallyvulnerable relative to the United States and Europe. For example, the United States is theworld’s leading supplier of beryllium, which will likely be important as a neutron multiplier forbreeding tritium, and as a component of FLiBe molten salts. Cryogenics, particularly the heliumcryogenics needed for low-temperature superconductors, stand out as another area where thedominant manufacturers reside not in China, butin Europe. This method was to observe fourteen major fusion supply chain components, sort them by thenumber of companies that use them and those companies’ raised funding, and presentrecommendations for addressing the most vulnerable components. Further details oftheranking methodology and risk level analysis can be found in the Methodology section. For atable of fusion supply chain inputs, ranked by their threat level, see Appendix 1. For a table ofnations and their relevant fusion supply chain production, seeAppendix 2. Select policymitigations from the full report are presented here. Key Recommendations: Create a Stable Demand Market for Fusion. Federal support to accelerate deployment of afusion pilot plant through the National Fusion Goal and the Milestone-based commercialdemonstration program would provide a powerful demand signal for the supply chain. •Elevate fusion to a national security priority, as recommended in the final report ofSCSP’s Commission on the Scaling of Fusion Energy. This would allow fusion companiesto bypass traditional roadblocks in procurement and signal demand, as happened withthe CHIPS and Science Act. Onshore and Friendshore Manufacturing Capacity. Manufacturing components for fusionpower plants on friendly shores would shelter the industry from foreign influence and providemarkets for our allies. The United States can both partner with existing companies and supportnovel industrialists to accomplish this goal. •Tax credits (such as 45X and 48C) are a valuable tool for the U.S. government (USG) toencourage domestic development of manufactured parts.•The Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Dominance Financing (formerly the LoanPrograms Office), a multi-hundred-billion-dollar government lending program, standsout as another avenue for the government to facilitate a fusion supply chain, particularlyfor applications like critical minerals development, capacitor and switch manufacturingcritical for pulsed fusion applications, an isotope separation facility for lithium-6, ordomestic steel forging.•Including fusion as a priority technology for investment in existing and potentially newplace-based innovation organizations, such as the National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST)-led Manufacturing USA Institutes, NIST Manufacturing ExtensionPartnerships, and the Economic Development Administration’s Regional Tech Hubs,would help grow innovation ecosystems that can contribute to the emerging fusionsupply chain.•In the near and medium term, strategically partnering with like-minded nations like the