人工智能治理的全球方法：政策、法律和监管视角

Global approaches to AI Governance:Policy, Legal, and Regulatory Perspectives This publication is the result of the “Capacity Development of Public Servants for Advancing Digital Transformationand Digital Governance” Project, funded by the Government of the Republic of Korea, and jointly implemented bythe United Nations Development Programme in Qazaqstan and the Astana Civil Service Hub, in close partnershipwith the Ministry of the Interior and Safety and the National Information Society Agency of the Republic of Korea.The study focuses on policy, legal, regulatory and ethical aspects of artificial intelligence governance, howthese are manifested in international and national legal and regulatory frameworks. It also provides examplesof countries around the world examining their approaches to incorporating artificial intelligence in their realms. Please cite this publication as: ACSH (2025). Global approaches to AI governance: Policy, Legal, and Regulatory Perspectives. Astana: UnitedNations Development Programme. – 103 pages. ISBN 978-601-12-4628-6 © United Nations Development Programme 2025© Astana Civil Service Hub 2025 Executive summary The transformative nature of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a profound impact on governments and societies nowadays. The ability of machines (software) to perform such tasks aslearning, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making, as well as image analysis, speechrecognition and natural language understanding – tasks that usually require human intelligence–has allowed for AI to penetrate into many and multifaceted aspects of human activities. Hence,AI is rapidly becoming deeply embedded in contemporary societies permeating all walks of life,in effect reshaping industries, economies, and societies and it is influencing the ways humansinteract with technology. In daily life, AI shapes how we shop, learn and communicate. AI is driving automation by reducing routine work; and most probably boosting efficiency andproductivity. AI is also enabling the use of tools such as voice assistants and recommendationsystems. It also powers advanced systems in finance, transportation, healthcare, education,public administration, etc. For instance, in healthcare, it supports early diagnosis of ailmentsand provide optimal assistance in developing personalised treatment to fight them. In business,it optimises supply chains, detects fraud, and enhances customer experience. It is also usedfor deriving predictive analysis and optimising processes. In science, it conducts researchby performing big data analyses providing insights from such massive amounts of data thathumans could never process alone, thus improving the quality of decision-making processesand outcomes. In public administration, AI is being increasingly integrated in public servicedelivery performing tasks which range from using AI to improve traffic management, and disasterresponse to deploying chatbots for citizen services. Evidently, artificial intelligence is affecting the ways governments operate and interact withcitizens. For instance, AI powered chatbots and virtual assistants provide instant responses tocitizens’ queries, thus considerably reducing bureaucratic delays and making public administrationsmarter. Furthermore, governments, by analysing large datasets in healthcare, education, trafficmanagement, weather forecasting, crime prevention, etc they can derive better policy-relatedpredictive insights and thus they can achieve better levels of planning and deploying scarceresources.In addition, AI can also assist in detecting irregularities in public spending, taxcollection, and welfare programmes, thus reducing corruption and increasing accountability.Moreover, AI has proven very useful in-service delivery, from processing license application toautomating social welfare schemes and policies and speeding up routine administrative work.AI has proved useful in disaster management too. AI systems can predict natural disasters,monitor relief distribution, and ensure timely responses in emergencies. In sum, AI is makingpublic administration more efficient, transparent and more citizencentred. Obviously, AI has the potential to further enhance, and accelerate human development andimprove daily life, and it offers a multitude of opportunities for improving economic and sociallife, as well as assisting in addressing many global challenges, such as climate change, andthe lack of access to quality education and healthcare. On the other hand, however, suchremarkable advances also raise challenges that are concerned with job displacement,1data privacy and security, surveillance, ethical use, algorithmic biases,2etc that also need to beaddressed in this wholesome and rapid transformation process, which call for strict operationalguidelines to safeguard privacy and ensure that AI systems do not compromise public trust. In this context, policy makers should be well-versed in balancing innovation and regulation t